{"version":"2026.10.02","model":{"neurons":86100000000,"sleep":9.03,"wake":104.79,"eat":8.68,"sabbath":15.59,"prayer":1.17,"weights":{"directed":1,"restricted":0.5,"ruled":0.25},"kosher":"Kosher and Jain rules set most of the meal, so they count as restricted (0.5), not ruled.","timeSrc":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey (2024 eating; 2025 sleep)."},"stateOut":"Vatican City, whose few hundred residents are almost all its own staff, so the measure does not apply.","partyOut":["Aam Aadmi Party (India; latest figure 2014)","Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Pakistan; latest figure 2012)","MPLA (Angola; latest figure 2008)"],"animalGroups":[{"id":"biggs_orca_group","name":"Bigg’s orca group","members":6,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":43100000000,"neuronsBasis":"orca neocortex (one brain; disputed)","neuronsEst":false,"wake":21,"dir":0.822,"with":1,"c":0.911,"budgetMeasured":true,"signals":null,"dialects":true,"basis":"Time budget measured in Monterey Bay (foraging 84%, travel 9%, socialising 6%, rest 1%); hunts of seals and whales are cooperative, so 80% of foraging is taken as coordinated. Groups travel together.","groupNeurons":258600000000,"neurons":235584600000,"src":"Monterey Bay, 2014-2021: mode 6, mean 9.71 +/- 0.38 SE, range 1-28, n=323 (PMC10954312 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10954312/). Salish Sea average group size rose from 4.4 to 6.1 over 50 y (PMC10244979 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10244979/). Typical = mode 6; Monterey figures inflated by large grey-whale-calf hunts."},{"id":"resident_orca_pod","name":"Resident orca matriline","members":5.5,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":43100000000,"neuronsBasis":"orca neocortex (one brain; disputed)","neuronsEst":false,"wake":21,"dir":0.4,"with":1,"c":0.7,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":11,"dialects":true,"basis":"Matrilines stay together for life. Travel, resting in tight lines and socialising are synchronised, and salmon is shared; foraging itself is spread out. Coordinated share estimated at 40%.","groupNeurons":237050000000,"neurons":165935000000,"src":"Matriline mean 5.5 animals; pods of 1-4 matrilines (Wikipedia Killer whale, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale). Southern Resident J pod ~25 individuals (PMC13147723 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13147723/). Range upper bound is J pod, lower bound is my placeholder for a single small matriline - not sourced."},{"id":"sperm_whale_unit","name":"Sperm whale social unit","members":7.5,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":8500000000,"neuronsBasis":"scaled from the pygmy sperm whale cortex by brain mass","neuronsEst":true,"wake":22.3,"dir":0.4,"with":0.9,"c":0.65,"budgetMeasured":true,"signals":null,"dialects":true,"basis":"Foraging 75% and socialising 25% of time (Whitehead 2003). Socialising at the surface is collective; deep foraging dives are individual but spaced and timed so calves are always guarded (20% coordinated). Units stay in acoustic contact.","groupNeurons":63750000000,"neurons":41437500000,"src":"Units typically 6-9 individuals, sometimes >20 (Whitehead 2003 via Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale). Typical = midpoint of 6-9. Unit A birth event involved 11 whales (8 adults, 3 calves) (PMC13022504 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13022504/)."},{"id":"bottlenose_dolphin_male_alliance","name":"Bottlenose dolphin alliance","members":6,"sizeEst":true,"neuronsPer":12700000000,"neuronsBasis":"bottlenose dolphin cortex (estimate)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":20,"dir":0.3,"with":0.8,"c":0.55,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":true,"basis":"Shark Bay males form alliances of 2–14 that herd females together and fight other alliances. Alliance members are together most of the time; coordinated herding and contests estimated at 30%.","groupNeurons":76200000000,"neurons":41910000000,"src":"First-order alliances 2-3 males; second-order alliances 4-14 males (PMC12636197 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12636197/; PMC9457541 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9457541/)."},{"id":"elephant_family","name":"Elephant family","members":10,"sizeEst":true,"neuronsPer":5600000000,"neuronsBasis":"African elephant cortex","neuronsEst":false,"wake":22,"dir":0.25,"with":0.9,"c":0.575,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":null,"basis":"Families of about 6–20 led by the matriarch, who decides when and where the group moves. Travel and group defence estimated at 25% of waking time; members forage within sight and call of one another.","groupNeurons":56000000000,"neurons":32200000000,"src":"Family unit = several adult cows, daughters and prepubertal sons, led by a matriarch (Wikipedia African bush elephant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_bush_elephant). Only group counts found: aerial survey means 6.3 (Rwenzori) and 28.8 (Chambura) - these are observed groups, not families."},{"id":"chimpanzee_community","name":"Chimpanzee community","members":100,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":7400000000,"neuronsBasis":"chimpanzee cortex (estimate)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":14.3,"dir":0.03,"with":0.65,"c":0.34,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":null,"basis":"Fission-fusion: members spend most of the day in small parties (about 9 of 100 at Ngogo) and some time alone. Boundary patrols, group hunts and collective displays estimated at 3% of waking time.","groupNeurons":740000000000,"neurons":251600000000,"src":"Ngogo 104-106 individuals >10 y (PMC9245655 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9245655/); Budongo Sonso 64-68 and Waibira 83-94 identified (PMC9515636 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9515636/); Wikipedia: can exceed 200 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee. Typical ~100 is my rounding of Ngogo/Waibira."},{"id":"bonobo_community","name":"Bonobo community","members":59,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":7400000000,"neuronsBasis":"chimpanzee count used (no bonobo count)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":14.3,"dir":0.05,"with":0.8,"c":0.425,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":null,"basis":"Fission-fusion with larger, steadier parties than chimpanzees (6.6–8.1 of 59 adults at Kokolopori). Collective travel and nesting estimated at 5%; time in a party at 80%.","groupNeurons":436600000000,"neurons":185555000000,"src":"Communities approx. 100 (Wikipedia Bonobo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo); Kokolopori study of 59 adults over 4 clusters (PMC9245655)."},{"id":"gray_wolf_pack","name":"Wolf pack","members":8,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":526000000,"neuronsBasis":"domestic dog cortex used (no wolf count)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":13,"dir":0.45,"with":0.8,"c":0.625,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":null,"basis":"Packs travel and hunt together for much of the day; members split up in summer around the den. Coordinated travel and hunting estimated at 45%.","groupNeurons":4208000000,"neurons":2630000000,"src":"North America average 8, Europe 5.5, exceptional up to 42 (Wikipedia Gray wolf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf). Lower bound 2 is mine (pair), not sourced."},{"id":"african_wild_dog_pack","name":"African wild dog pack","members":13.7,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":526000000,"neuronsBasis":"domestic dog cortex used (no wild dog count)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":12,"dir":0.33,"with":1,"c":0.665,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":11,"dialects":null,"basis":"Packs virtually never move or hunt alone. Two coordinated hunts a day, about 4 hours, are 33% of waking time; members rest together the rest of the day.","groupNeurons":7206200000,"neurons":4792123000,"src":"Zambia (Kafue+Luangwa): mean 13.7, range 5-25 (PMC11831116 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11831116/); another study mean 12, range 2-19 (PMC11024447 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11024447/); 2-27 adults and yearlings (Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wild_dog)."},{"id":"meerkat_group","name":"Meerkat group","members":15,"sizeEst":true,"neuronsPer":116000000,"neuronsBasis":"banded mongoose cortex used (no meerkat count)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":12,"dir":0.15,"with":1,"c":0.575,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":12,"dialects":null,"basis":"Groups of 2–30 forage together (5–8 hours a day) under rotating sentinels, babysit and mob predators together. Sentinel duty, babysitting and group movement estimated at 15%.","groupNeurons":1740000000,"neurons":1000500000,"src":"2-30 individuals (Wikipedia Meerkat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerkat)."},{"id":"baboon_troop","name":"Baboon troop","members":30,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":2880000000,"neuronsBasis":"olive baboon cortex","neuronsEst":false,"wake":12.5,"dir":0.25,"with":0.95,"c":0.6,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":9,"dialects":null,"basis":"Troop movements are decided collectively (Strandburg-Peshkin et al. 2015); travel is about a quarter of the day. Members stay with the troop.","groupNeurons":86400000000,"neurons":51840000000,"src":"15-150 (Wikipedia Olive baboon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_baboon); Mpala troop studied for collective movement ~29-31 (PMC5283833 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5283833/)."},{"id":"spotted_hyena_clan","name":"Spotted hyena clan","members":45,"sizeEst":true,"neuronsPer":495000000,"neuronsBasis":"striped hyena cortex used (no spotted hyena count)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":14,"dir":0.1,"with":0.5,"c":0.3,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":11,"dialects":null,"basis":"Clans of up to 80 live by fission-fusion; members often forage alone. Group hunts, clan wars and den gatherings estimated at 10%; time with clan-mates at 50%.","groupNeurons":22275000000,"neurons":6682500000,"src":"At most 80 (Wikipedia Spotted hyena https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_hyena); can exceed 100 in Masai Mara (PMC10645113 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10645113/)."},{"id":"pinyon_jay_flock","name":"Pinyon jay flock","members":100,"sizeEst":true,"neuronsPer":529000000,"neuronsBasis":"Eurasian jay pallium used (no pinyon jay count)","neuronsEst":true,"wake":13,"dir":0.3,"with":0.9,"c":0.6,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":null,"basis":"Flocks of a few dozen to several hundred forage, roost and breed together, with sentinels. Coordinated flock movement and sentinel duty estimated at 30%.","groupNeurons":52900000000,"neurons":31740000000,"src":"'a few dozens to several hundred members' (PMC7840058 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7840058/). Numeric bounds are my reading of 'few dozen' and 'several hundred'."},{"id":"hadza_camp","name":"Hadza camp (humans, for scale)","members":25,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":16300000000,"neuronsBasis":"human neocortex","neuronsEst":false,"wake":16,"dir":0.25,"with":0.8,"c":0.525,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":true,"basis":"Hunter-gatherer camps of about 20–30. Women forage in groups, food is shared, and camp moves are decided together; men often hunt alone. Coordinated activity estimated at 25%.","groupNeurons":407500000000,"neurons":213937500000,"src":"Camps of ~20-30; over 100 may form in berry season (Wikipedia Hadza people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadza_people, citing Marlowe 2010). Typical = midpoint."},{"id":"naked_mole_rat_colony","name":"Naked mole-rat colony","members":77.5,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":5310000,"neuronsBasis":"naked mole-rat cortex","neuronsEst":false,"wake":16,"dir":0.4,"with":1,"c":0.7,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":true,"basis":"Eusocial: a breeding queen, and workers who dig, haul and defend for the colony. Colony work estimated at 40% of waking time; the rest is spent in the shared burrow. Colonies have their own learned call dialects.","groupNeurons":411525000,"neurons":288067500,"src":"Average 75-80, may exceed 300 (Wikipedia Naked mole-rat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_mole-rat); max 295 members (PMC6003933 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6003933/). Lab colonies in PMC12507003 had 17-22 animals."},{"id":"honeybee_colony","name":"Honeybee colony","members":60000,"sizeEst":false,"neuronsPer":960000,"neuronsBasis":"honeybee brain (whole)","neuronsEst":false,"wake":17,"dir":0.7,"with":1,"c":0.85,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":false,"basis":"Eusocial: workers’ tasks are set by age and by colony signals (dances, pheromones). Colony-set work estimated at 70% of waking time, the rest inside the hive.","groupNeurons":57600000000,"neurons":48960000000,"src":"Midsummer healthy hive 40,000-80,000 (Wikipedia Western honey bee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee). Typical = midpoint."},{"id":"leafcutter_ant_colony","name":"Leafcutter ant colony","members":2500000,"sizeEst":true,"neuronsPer":250000,"neuronsBasis":"typical ant brain (whole), no leafcutter count","neuronsEst":true,"wake":20,"dir":0.6,"with":1,"c":0.8,"budgetMeasured":false,"signals":null,"dialects":false,"basis":"Mature Atta colonies hold one to several million workers who cut leaves, farm fungus and defend for the colony. Colony work estimated at 60% of waking time.","groupNeurons":625000000000,"neurons":500000000000,"src":"'millions of workers' in mature colonies (Wikipedia Atta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_(genus))."}],"hoMean":41.6,"animals":[{"id":"celegans","name":"Roundworm","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"nematode","n":{"v":302,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole nervous system (hermaphrodite)","src":"White JG, Southgate E, Thomson JN, Brenner S (1986) The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 314(1165):1-340"},"c":null,"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"drosophila","name":"Fruit fly","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"arthropod","n":{"v":139255,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole adult brain (proofread neurons, one female); excludes ventral nerve cord","src":"Dorkenwald S, Matsliah A, Sterling AR, Schlegel P, et al.; FlyWire Consortium (2024) Neuronal wiring diagram of an adult brain. Nature 634(8032):124-138"},"c":null,"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"honeybee","name":"Honeybee","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"arthropod","n":{"v":950000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"whole brain","src":"Menzel R (2001). Searching for the memory trace in a mini-brain, the honeybee. Learn Mem 8:53-62, citing Witthöft (1967)"},"c":null,"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"octopus","name":"Common octopus","page":true,"sea":true,"group":"cephalopod","n":{"v":500000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"whole nervous system: about 300 million in the arms, 200 million in the central brain","src":"Young JZ (1963) The number and sizes of nerve cells in Octopus. Proc Zool Soc Lond 140(2):229-254"},"c":null,"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"pigeon","name":"Rock pigeon","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"bird","n":{"v":310000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain (isotropic fractionator)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016). Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113:7255-7260"},"c":{"v":72000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"about 72 million (pallium, derived from telencephalon counts)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016). Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113:7255-7260"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"raven","name":"Common raven","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"bird","n":{"v":2171000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain (isotropic fractionator)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016). Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113:7255-7260"},"c":{"v":1200000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"1.2 billion (pallium)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016). Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113:7255-7260"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"greyparrot","name":"African grey parrot","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"bird","n":{"v":1566000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain (isotropic fractionator)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016). Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113:7255-7260"},"c":{"v":850000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"about 850 million (pallium, derived from telencephalon counts)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016). Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113:7255-7260"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"mouse","name":"Mouse","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":70900000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain (isotropic fractionator)","src":"Herculano-Houzel S, Mota B, Lent R (2006). Cellular scaling rules for rodent brains. PNAS 103:12138-12143"},"c":{"v":13700000,"tag":"measured","scope":"about 13.7 million","src":"Herculano-Houzel S, Mota B, Lent R (2006). Cellular scaling rules for rodent brains. PNAS 103:12138-12143"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"rat","name":"Rat","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":200000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain (isotropic fractionator)","src":"Herculano-Houzel S, Mota B, Lent R (2006). Cellular scaling rules for rodent brains. PNAS 103:12138-12143"},"c":{"v":31000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"31 million","src":"Herculano-Houzel S, Lent R (2005). Isotropic fractionator. J Neurosci 25:2518-2521"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"cat","name":"Domestic cat","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":1215000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain","src":"Jardim-Messeder D et al. (2017). Dogs have the most neurons, though not the largest brain: trade-off between body mass and number of neurons in the cerebral cortex of large carnivoran species. Front Neuroanat 11:118"},"c":{"v":250000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"250 million","src":"Jardim-Messeder D et al. (2017). Dogs have the most neurons, though not the largest brain: trade-off between body mass and number of neurons in the cerebral cortex of large carnivoran species. Front Neuroanat 11:118"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"dog","name":"Domestic dog","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":526000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"429 to 623 million, depending on the dog","src":"Jardim-Messeder D et al. (2017). Dogs have the most neurons, though not the largest brain: trade-off between body mass and number of neurons in the cerebral cortex of large carnivoran species. Front Neuroanat 11:118"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"pig","name":"Domestic pig","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":2220000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain, one domestic pig","src":"Jelsing J, Nielsen R, Olsen AK, Grand N, Hemmingsen R, Pakkenberg B (2006) The postnatal development of neocortical neurons and glial cells in the Gottingen minipig and the domestic pig brain. J Exp Biol 209(8):1454-1462"},"c":{"v":293000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"432 million in the neocortex (stereology); 293 million by fractionator","src":"Jelsing J, Nielsen R, Olsen AK, Grand N, Hemmingsen R, Pakkenberg B (2006) The postnatal development of neocortical neurons and glial cells in the Gottingen minipig and the domestic pig brain. J Exp Biol 209(8):1454-1462"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"dolphin","name":"Bottlenose dolphin","page":true,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":12700000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"neocortex; density x surface area x thickness calculation on one 1,559 g brain; another calculation in the same table gives 11.7 billion from earlier data. Not a design-based count.","src":"Ridgway SH, Brownson RH, Van Alstyne KR, Hauser RA (2019) Higher neuron densities in the cerebral cortex and larger cerebellums may limit dive times of delphinids compared to deep-diving toothed whales. PLoS ONE 14(12):e0226206"},"note":null,"disputed":"Density × cortical area × thickness (one method); fractionator-based scaling predicts fewer."},{"id":"elephant","name":"African elephant","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":257000000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain (~98% in cerebellum)","src":"Herculano-Houzel S et al. (2014). The elephant brain in numbers. Front Neuroanat 8:46"},"c":{"v":5600000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"5.6 billion","src":"Herculano-Houzel et al. 2014"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"chimp","name":"Chimpanzee","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":7400000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"3.7 billion in one hemisphere (measured)","src":"Collins CE et al. (2016). Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere. PNAS 113:740-745"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"human","name":"Human","page":true,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":86100000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain (isotropic fractionator, 4 male brains)","src":"Azevedo FAC et al. (2009). Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. J Comp Neurol 513:532-541"},"c":{"v":16300000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"16.3 billion","src":"Azevedo et al. 2009 (16.34 B cortex; value confirmed in Olkowicz 2016 supplement)"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"pilotwhale","name":"Long-finned pilot whale","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":37200000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"neocortex; design-based stereology on one brain (not isotropic fractionator). Contested: isotropic-fractionator scaling of artiodactyls predicts only about 3 billion for a short-finned pilot whale cortex (Kazu et al. 2014 doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00128; Avelino-de-Souza et al. 2025). Treat as unresolved.","src":"Mortensen HS, Pakkenberg B, Dam M, Dietz R, Sonne C, Mikkelsen B, Eriksen N (2014) Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex. Front Neuroanat 8:132"},"note":"Neocortex neuron count reported as nearly twice the human value (Mortensen et al. 2014); the headline stereological figure that the 2025 minke re-count disputes.","disputed":"Counted by stereology; the isotropic fractionator and scaling rules give about 3 billion for a pilot-whale cortex."},{"id":"minke","name":"Minke whale","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":57400000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"whole brain, one animal, isotropic fractionator; 54.2 billion are cerebellar","src":"Avelino-de-Souza K, Patzke N, Karlsson KAE, Manger PR, Herculano-Houzel S (2025) Cellular composition of the brain of a northern minke whale. J Comp Neurol 533(9):e70089"},"c":{"v":3200000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"cerebral cortex (grey+white dissected), isotropic fractionator, one animal","src":"Avelino-de-Souza K, Patzke N, Karlsson KAE, Manger PR, Herculano-Houzel S (2025) Cellular composition of the brain of a northern minke whale. J Comp Neurol 533(9):e70089"},"note":"Cortex has about 18 cerebellar neurons per cortical neuron, an outlier among mammals, which the authors link tentatively to infrasonic communication (Avelino-de-Souza et al. 2025).","disputed":null},{"id":"porpoise","name":"Harbour porpoise","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":14900000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"neocortex; stereology. Contested: scaling predicts about 2.2 billion for a 1,735 g cetartiodactyl brain (Avelino-de-Souza et al. 2025); Ridgway et al. 2019 also flag the figure as extreme and possibly under-sampled.","src":"Walloe S, Eriksen N, Dabelsteen T, Pakkenberg B (2010) A neurological comparative study of the harp seal and harbor porpoise brain. Anat Rec 293(12):2129-2135"},"note":null,"disputed":"Counted by stereology; scaling rules predict about 2.2 billion."},{"id":"harpseal","name":"Harp seal","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":6100000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"neocortex; stereology (the only pinniped count found)","src":"Walloe S et al. (2010) Anat Rec 293(12):2129-2135"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"orca","name":"Orca","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":43100000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"neocortex; calculated by the authors as neuron density x cortical surface area x thickness on one adult female (6,215 g brain). Not a design-based count and not an isotropic-fractionator count.","src":"Ridgway SH, Brownson RH, Van Alstyne KR, Hauser RA (2019) Higher neuron densities in the cerebral cortex and larger cerebellums may limit dive times of delphinids compared to deep-diving toothed whales. PLoS ONE 14(12):e0226206"},"note":"Matrilineal pods with group-specific vocal dialects (Ford JKB 1991, Can J Zool 69:1454-1483, doi:10.1139/z91-206).","disputed":"A calculation from one brain (density × area × thickness); scaling rules predict about 4.7 billion."},{"id":"commondolphin","name":"Common dolphin","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":6700000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"neocortex; density x surface area x thickness calculation, 783 g brain","src":"Ridgway SH, Brownson RH, Van Alstyne KR, Hauser RA (2019) Higher neuron densities in the cerebral cortex and larger cerebellums may limit dive times of delphinids compared to deep-diving toothed whales. PLoS ONE 14(12):e0226206"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"cuvierbeaked","name":"Cuvier’s beaked whale","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":9100000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"neocortex; density x surface area x thickness calculation, 2,004 g brain; deepest and longest diver in the comparison","src":"Ridgway SH, Brownson RH, Van Alstyne KR, Hauser RA (2019) Higher neuron densities in the cerebral cortex and larger cerebellums may limit dive times of delphinids compared to deep-diving toothed whales. PLoS ONE 14(12):e0226206"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"pygmysperm","name":"Pygmy sperm whale","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":2020000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"neocortex; calculation in S1 Table (row Kb, 596 g brain), data from an earlier study cited there","src":"Ridgway SH, Brownson RH, Van Alstyne KR, Hauser RA (2019) Higher neuron densities in the cerebral cortex and larger cerebellums may limit dive times of delphinids compared to deep-diving toothed whales. PLoS ONE 14(12):e0226206"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"finwhale","name":"Fin whale","page":false,"sea":true,"group":"mammal","n":null,"c":{"v":5200000000,"tag":"estimate","scope":"cerebral cortex predicted from brain mass (7,100 g) via artiodactyl/non-primate scaling rules; no count of this species exists (stereological counts of other cetaceans conflict with this method)","src":"Avelino-de-Souza K, Patzke N, Karlsson KAE, Manger PR, Herculano-Houzel S (2025) Cellular composition of the brain of a northern minke whale. 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PNAS 113(26):7255-7260"},"note":null,"disputed":null},{"id":"capuchin","name":"Capuchin monkey","page":false,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":3691000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"isotropic fractionator, whole brain","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016) Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113(26):7255-7260"},"c":{"v":1140000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"cerebral cortex; isotropic fractionator","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016) Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113(26):7255-7260"},"note":"Wild bearded capuchins use stone hammers and anvils to crack nuts (Fragaszy D et al. 2004, Am J Primatol 64:359-366, doi:10.1002/ajp.20085).","disputed":null},{"id":"squirrelmonkey","name":"Squirrel monkey","page":false,"sea":false,"group":"mammal","n":{"v":3246000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"isotropic fractionator, whole brain","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016) Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. 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PNAS 113(26):7255-7260"},"note":"Urban populations have learned to open wheelie-bin lids and the technique has spread socially across suburbs (Klump BC et al. 2021, Science 373:456-460, doi:10.1126/science.abe7808).","disputed":null},{"id":"goffincockatoo","name":"Goffin's cockatoo","page":false,"sea":false,"group":"bird","n":{"v":1160590000,"tag":"measured","scope":"isotropic fractionator, whole brain (mean of 2 animals)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016) Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. PNAS 113(26):7255-7260"},"c":{"v":599000000,"tag":"measured","scope":"pallium; isotropic fractionator (2 animals)","src":"Olkowicz S et al. (2016) Birds have primate-like numbers of neurons in the forebrain. 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