--- title: "Noma da abinci · Kwaikwayo · Hasashen Kwaikwayo" url: https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/agriculture-food description: "Gonaki, garkuna, tafkuna da sarkar kaya, da aka gudanar gaba don kiyasta ko wadata zai cika buƙata." license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ credit: "Ross Allan Dahl, Hasashen Kwaikwayo (simulation-hypothesis.com)" --- [Kwaikwayo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations)fanni 7 na 18 # Noma da abinci Gonaki, garkuna, tafkuna da sarkar kaya, da aka gudanar gaba don kiyasta ko wadata zai cika buƙata. Mutane sun yi samfurin noma a takarda tun kafin kwamfutoci: tsare-tsaren sauya shuka, teburan amfanin gona da rubuce-rubucen kiwo sun koma ƙarnuka. Samfuran dijital yanzu suna haɗa yanayi, sinadaran ƙasa, yaɗuwar cuta da girgizar kasuwa a gudanarwa ɗaya. Suna iya hasashen girbi, girman garke ko ƙarancin kayayyaki a gaba. Irin wannan samfuri yana aiki daga lokacin ban ruwa a fili ɗaya zuwa gargaɗin farko na yunwa ga dukan yanki. Yana kuma kaiwa bayan ƙofar gona, zuwa tsami, dafuwa, sanyaya da bin diddigin abinci. ## Amfanin gona da ƙasa ### Samfuran girma da amfanin gona Gona ta amfanin gona ɗaya da aka rage zuwa tafkunan yankin ganye, nauyin tsirrai da hatsi, wanda yanayi, ranar shuka da kulawa ke tuƙawa rana bayan rana. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa wannan filin zai bayar, kuma yaushe ya kamata a shuka? Yana barin: Yana ɗaukar filin a matsayin iri ɗaya a sarari, don haka bambanci a cikinsa kamar wuraren ruwa ko ƙarancin iri ba a wakilta ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^10 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, daƙiƙu a kowace kakar gona Tun: 1965 Zuwa 1965, samfuran girman amfanin gona na farko na de Wit a Netherlands [Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Jigilar ruwan ƙasa da abinci mai gina jiki Ruwa yana shiga ta matakan ƙasa da abinci mai gina jiki suna motsawa, ɗaure da zubewa, ana bin su ƙwayar raga bayan ƙwayar raga zuwa ƙasa cikin zurfin ƙasar. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ruwa da taki ke isa saiwoyi, kuma nawa ke wankewa? Yana barin: Ƙasa ba ta taɓa yin shimfiɗa mai tsari kamar yadda ragar samfurin ke zato ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^10 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur don gudun bayani na tsawon kakar shekara Tun: 1972 Zuwa 1972, samfuran daidaiton ruwan ƙasa na farko don binciken ban ruwa [Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Yaɗuwar kwari da cututtukan shuke-shuke Kwari, naman gwari ko bakteriya suna yaɗuwa a kan amfanin gona ko yanki, iska, ruwan sama, dabbobi ko ciniki ke ɗauka, a kan yanayin da ke taimaka musu ko hana su. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya nisa da sauri ɓarkewar cuta za ta yaɗu, kuma ina ya kamata a killace ta? Yana barin: Yana ɗauka annobar da aka ba da rahoto ita ce ainihin faɗinta, wanda ba kasafai take ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^11 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a don gudun yanki na kakar da yawa Tun: 1980 Zuwa 1980, samfuran kwamfuta na yaɗuwar tsatsar alkama da cutar dankali [Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Samfuran raga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-network)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Tsara ban ruwa Ana bin diddigin ɗanshin ƙasa da buƙatar ruwan amfanin gona rana-da-rana don yanke shawarar lokaci da yawan ban ruwa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaushe wannan fili ke buƙatar ruwa, kuma nawa? Yana barin: Yana ɗauka famfo, magudanar ruwa da hasashen yanayi duka suna aiki yadda ya kamata. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai yana gudana a kwamfutar gona ko manhajar waya Tun: 1975 Zuwa 1975, samfuran tsarin daidaiton ruwa don gonaki masu ban ruwa [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Zaizayar ƙasa da lalacewar ƙasa Ruwan sama, gudun ruwa da noman da ke kwashe ƙasa daga gangare, ana bin diddigi a matsayin laka da ke gangarowa ƙasa da fita daga filin. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ƙasar sama wannan filin zai rasa, kuma waɗanne ayyuka ke rage hakan? Yana barin: An daidaita shi galibi a gonakin yanayi mai matsakaici, don haka ba ya yin kyau a wasu yanayi. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^10 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur don gudun ma’aunin yankin kogi Tun: 1965 Zuwa 1965, Universal Soil Loss Equation da zuriyarta ta kwamfuta [Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Kwaikwayon kiwon amfanin gona Gaurayawan kama-da-wane tsakanin nau’in tsirrai, ana gudanar da su gaba cikin tsararrakin kwaikwayo don hasashen wace haɗin kwayoyin halitta ke ba da mafi kyawun nau’i. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane haɗuwa ya cancanci yi a fili, cikin miliyoyi masu yiwuwa? Yana barin: Tasirin kwayar halitta a takarda ba koyaushe shi ne abin da take yi a ainihin makiyaya ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana tantance dubban haɗuwar kama-da-wane Tun: 1990 Zuwa 1990, kwaikwayon kwayoyin halitta da ake amfani da shi a shirye-shiryen kiwon shuka [Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Na juyin halitta](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-evolutionary)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Inganta noma mai daidaito Gona da aka raba zuwa ƙananan gurare, kowanne da ƙasarsa da tarihin amfaninsa, don gano mafi kyawun iri, ruwa da adadin taki ga kowanne. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa shigarwa wannan wurin daidai yake buƙata, ba dukan filin ba? Yana barin: Yana buƙatar kyakkyawan bayanan firikwensin, wanda yawancin gonaki har yanzu ba su da shi a ko’ina. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^10 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta gona tana sarrafa taswirar firikwensin gona ɗaya Tun: 1995 Zuwa 1995, samfuran taswirar amfanin gona da amfani mai canzawa [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Na wakilai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-agent-based)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Tarin amfanin gona na samfura da yawa Samfuran amfanin gona da yawa da ake gudanarwa da bayanan yanayi iri ɗaya don bambancin ya nuna rashin tabbacin hasashen amfani. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya rashin tabbacin hasashen amfanin gona a ƙarƙashin yanayin nan gaba? Yana barin: Ana kula da kwari, al’amura masu tsanani da sauyin gudanarwa ba daidai ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai Dozin kaɗan na samfura a grid na duniya Tun: 2013 The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project, AgMIP (2013) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.011) [Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Jujjuyawar sinadarin carbon na ƙasa Carbon a ƙasa yana motsawa tsakanin tafkuna da suke ruɓewa a ƙima daban-daban ƙarƙashin zafi, danshi da shigarwa daga shuke-shuke. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Filin yana samun ko rasa carbon na ƙasa, kuma me ke canza hakan? Yana barin: Tafkuna na tunani ne kuma ba za a iya aunawa kai tsaye ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^5 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon tafkuna na wata-wata a kan laptop. Tun: 1977 Jenkinson and Rayner, the turnover of soil organic matter in some of the Rothamsted classical experiments. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-197705000-00005) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Samfuran gurɓatar ruwa na yankin noma Ana yin kwaikwayon ruwan sama, amfanin gona, ƙasa da aikin gona a yankin ruwan kogi don samar da gudun ruwa, laka da abinci mai gina jiki. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa abinci mai gina jiki ko laka ke isa kogi a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin noma daban-daban? Yana barin: Daidaitawa yana buƙatar bayanai da yawa kuma ana zaton kulawa a matakin gona. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon yau da kullum na girman kwarin kogi a kwamfutar aiki. Tun: 1998 Arnold and colleagues, large area hydrologic modelling and assessment, model development. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x) [Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Tarin samfuran amfanin gona na duniya a grid Samfuran amfanin gona da yawa da ake gudanarwa a kan grid na duniya a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi iri ɗaya, kuma bambancinsu yana nuna rashin tabbacin amfanin da aka hasasshe. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa amfanin gonar duniya zai canza a ƙarƙashin yanayin sauyin yanayi, kuma yaya rashin tabbacin hakan yake? Yana barin: Samfura suna raba ɓatattun hanyoyin aiki kamar kwari da tsananin zafi. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfuran amfanin gona da yawa da ake gudanarwa a duniya na shekaru goma-goma a kan gungun kwamfutoci. Tun: 2013 Rosenzweig and colleagues, the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project protocols. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.011) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Samfuran wakilai na gona na amfani da ƙasa da karɓuwa Gidajen manoma masu ƙasarsu, aikinsu da maƙwabtansu suna yanke shawarar abin da za su noma da fasahar da za su ɗauka, tare da yaɗuwar sababbin abubuwa a sarari. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya manoma za su amsa ga farashi, tallafi ko fasaha? Yana barin: An yi samfurin yanke shawarar manoma ta ƙa’idodi masu sauƙi. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^8 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar wakilai na yanki a kan kwamfutar aiki. Tun: 2001 Berger, agent-based spatial models applied to agriculture for technology diffusion and resource use. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2001.tb00205.x) [Na wakilai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-agent-based)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfuran kula da juriyar magungunan kwari Al’ummar kwaro da ake feshi tana haɓaka juriya ta juyin halitta, kuma ana kwatanta dabaru kamar mafaka, jujjuya da gaurayawa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace dabarar feshi ke jinkirta juriya mafi tsawo? Yana barin: Asarar da juriya ke jawowa da motsin kwaro ba tabbatattu ba ne. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^6 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfuran kwayoyin halitta na yawan jama’a a kan laptop. Tun: 1977 Comins, the management of pesticide resistance. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193%2877%2990206-5) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Na juyin halitta](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-evolutionary)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfuran raba haske na agrivoltaic Allunan hasken rana a sama da amfanin gona suna jefa musu inuwa mai motsi, don haka ana kwaikwayon tsarin, hasken da ke isa ganye da girman amfanin gona tare da wutar lantarkin da ake samarwa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa abinci da kuzari filin ɗaya zai iya bayarwa idan duka suna raba hasken rana? Yana barin: Amsar amfanin gona ga inuwa ta ɓangare an san ta ga nau’o’i kaɗan kawai, kuma tasirin ruwa da zafi a ƙarƙashin faranti an sauƙaƙa su. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai sa’o’i a kan kwamfutar aiki ga kowane tsari da lokacin shekara. Tun: 2011 Dupraz and colleagues' land-equivalent-ratio model of photovoltaic panels combined with food crops. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.03.005) [Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Samfuran girman tsarin shuka Shuka da aka gina toho bayan toho daga ƙa’idodin botanical na reshe da tsufa, tana ba da siffar bishiya ko amfanin gona mai girma uku yayin da take girma. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ɗabi’ar rassan shuka ke tantance yadda take cika sarari da kama haske? Yana barin: An daidaita ƙa’idojin girma ga nau’i ɗaya da muhalli ɗaya, kuma martani ga iska, maƙwabta da lalacewa yana da iyaka. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^8 FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu zuwa mintuna ga kowane shuka. Tun: 1988 de Reffye and colleagues' plant models faithful to botanical structure and development. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1145/378456.378505) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Samfuran phenology na kwaro na degree-day Zafin da ke taruwa kowace rana sama da wata ƙofa yana tantance lokacin da kwari ke fitowa, haihuwa su kai matakin da za su cutar da amfanin gona, don a iya tsara lokacin feshi. Tambayar da yake amsawa: A wace rana kwaro zai kai matakin da kula ke aiki? Yana barin: Kwari suna amsa zafi a lanƙwasa, ba layi madaidaici ba, kuma ƙaramin yanayi a kan shuka ya bambanta da tashar yanayi. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^4 FLOPS kimanta kawai ba komai ba ne a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; ana gudanarwa kullum ga shafuka da yawa. Tun: 1976 Allen's modified sine-wave method for calculating degree days for insects. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/5.3.388) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfuran sakin kwari marasa haihuwa Maza bakararru da aka haifa da yawa aka sake su cikin yawan daji suna saduwa da mata waɗanda daga nan ba sa haihuwa, kuma ana bin yawansu yayin da suke raguwa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Kwari bakararru nawa ake buƙatar saki, kuma na tsawon lokaci nawa, don kawar da kwaro? Yana barin: Mata na daji za su iya ƙin maza marasa haihuwa, kuma kwari da ke isowa daga waje za su iya soke sakin. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^5 FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu zuwa mintuna a kan laptop. Tun: 1955 Binciken Knipling na kula ko kawar da kwari ta amfani da maza bakararru. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/48.4.459) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfuran wakilai na sauyin amfani da ƙasa Masu mallakar ƙasa da manoma, kowanne da burinsa da bayaninsa, suna yanke shawarar abin da za su yi da kowane yanki, kuma ana zana rufin ƙasar da ya samu cikin shekaru goma-goma. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya rufin ƙasa zai canza a ƙarƙashin manufa, hanya ko sauyin farashin amfanin gona? Yana barin: Ƙa’idojin yanke shawarar ɗan adam suna da wuyar aunawa, don haka galibi ana zaton su, kuma ana daidaita samfuran da abin da ya wuce ba tare da shaidar cewa za su ci gaba ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^8 FLOPS kimanta kawai sa’o’i a kan kwamfutar aiki. Tun: 2003 Nazarin Parker da abokan aikinsa na tsarin wakilai da yawa don kwaikwayon sauyin amfani da rufin ƙasa. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.9302004) [Na wakilai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-agent-based)[Atomatan salula](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-cellular-automata)[Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfuran yanayin ɗumamar yanayi Daidaiton zafi, danshi da carbon dioxide na gidan gilashi, tare da rana, hurawar iska, dumama da numfashin shuka da kanta, don ƙira da sarrafa yanayin cikin gida. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ya kamata a sarrafa iska da dumama don riƙe amfanin gona da ɗumi da bushewa da ƙaramar tsada? Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar iska a matsayin gauraye da kyau, ko da yake gidajen shuka na gaske suna da bambanci, kuma martanin amfanin gona an sauƙaƙa shi. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^7 FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu ga kowace rana da aka kwaikwaya, don haka kaka tana gudana cikin mintuna. Tun: 1985 Garzoli's simple greenhouse climate model (Acta Horticulturae). [tushe](https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1985.174.52) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Filaye ## Dabbobin gida da noman ruwa ### Samfuran garken dabbobi da abinci Girman garke, madara ko nama da ake bi gwargwadon abinci, nau’i da kulawa, dabba bayan dabba ko a matsayin rukuni gaba ɗaya. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa wannan garken zai samar, kuma nawa abinci yake buƙata don isa can? Yana barin: Bambancin lafiyar dabba da yanayi na yau da kullum ɗaya-ɗaya ba a kama shi ta samfuran da suka dogara da abinci ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai yana gudana a kwamfutar gona ga kowane garke Tun: 1970 Zuwa 1970, samfuran samar da naman sa da madara na farko [Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Kiwo da kula da makiyaya Girma da sake girman ciyawa a ƙarƙashin kiwo, yanayi da albarkar ƙasa, ana amfani da shi don tsara yawan dabbobin da makiyaya za ta iya ɗauka. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Dabbobi nawa wannan makiyaya za ta iya ɗauka ba tare da ta lalace ba? Yana barin: Martanin makiyaya ga fari na farko ko mai tsanani da ba a saba ba yana ɓacewa daga lanƙwasar girma da aka yi samfuri. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu ɗaya na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a kowace makiyaya a kowace kaka Tun: 1973 Zuwa 1973, samfuran girman ciyawar kiwo don tsarin kiwo [Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Kiwon kifi da noman ruwa Kifi ko kifin harsashi da ake kiwo a tafkuna, kejoji ko tankuna, ana bin su da abinci, oxygen, zafi da yawan kiwo a kowane wuri. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa hannun jari ya kamata ya shiga, kuma yaushe ya kamata ya fita, don mafi kyawun amfani? Yana barin: Barkewar cuta a ainihin tafki ba kasafai take dacewa da gargaɗin da samfurin yake bayarwa ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu ɗaya na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a kowane zagayen gona Tun: 1985 Zuwa 1985, samfuran girma na bioenergetic ga kifayen noma [Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfuran ɓarkewar cutar dabbobin gida Cutar dabbar gona da ke yaɗuwa tsakanin gonaki ta jigilar dabbobi, ababen hawa da iska, ana amfani da ita don shirya yanka, hana motsi da zoben rigakafi. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya nisa wannan ɓarkewar za ta yaɗu, kuma wane mataki na sarrafawa ke tsayar da ita da sauri? Yana barin: Manoma ba kullum suke ba da rahoton alamomi da sauri kamar yadda samfurin yake zato ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^11 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a don gudun annoba ta ƙasa Tun: 2001 samfuran annobar cutar ƙafa-da-baki ta 2001 a Ingila [Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Samfuran raga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-network)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Kiwon dabbobi da kwayoyin halitta Haɗuwar dabbobi na kama-da-wane, ana gudanar da su gaba cikin zuriya don hasashen yawan madara, saurin girma ko juriyar cuta a zuriyar. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane uba ko uwa (dabba) ya kamata a yi kiwo da shi na gaba, cikin dukan dabbobin kiwo? Yana barin: Yana ɗauka asalin da aka rubuta daidai ne, ko da yake kurakuran rubutu da danganta iyaye ba daidai ba suna faruwa a aikace. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^11 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci da ake gudanarwa don ƙididdige yawan kiwo na ƙasa Tun: 1990 Zuwa 1990, kimanta kwayoyin halitta bisa BLUP na shanun madara [Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Na juyin halitta](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-evolutionary)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Sa ido mai daidaito kan dabbobin gida Dabbobi ɗaya-ɗaya da ake bin diddigin motsinsu, ciyarwa da zafin jiki ta firikwensin, ana kwatanta su da kwaikwayon lafiyayyen tushe don gano matsaloli da wuri. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace dabba ɗaya, cikin dubbai, ke buƙatar kulawa yau? Yana barin: Kuskuren firikwensin yana kama daidai da dabba mara lafiya a samfurin. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^10 FLOPS kimanta kawai sabar gona tana sarrafa bayanan firikwensin sito ɗaya Tun: 2005 Zuwa 2005, tsarin sa ido kan shanun madara da firikwensin ke tuƙawa [Na wakilai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-agent-based)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Bioenergetics na tafkin kiwon kifi Kowane kifi a tafki yana da kuzari daga abinci da iskar oxygen da ake mayar da su girma, kuma ana bin oxygen da shara na ruwa tare. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Kifaye nawa, da abinci nawa, ke girma da sauri kafin ruwan kandami ya lalace? Yana barin: Cuta, hali da girgizar yanayi galibi an bar su, don haka samfurin ya fi dacewa da yanayi masu daidaito. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^8 FLOPS kimanta kawai mintuna a kan laptop. Tun: 1985 Cuenco and colleagues' individual-fish bioenergetics and growth model for aquaculture ponds. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800%2885%2990001-8) [Na wakilai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-agent-based)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ## Tsarin abinci da sarrafawa ### Kwaikwayon sarƙar samar da abinci Hatsi, amfanin gona da abincin da aka sarrafa suna tafiya daga gona zuwa rumbu zuwa kasuwa, ana bin diddigin jigilar su, asarar ajiya da girgizar buƙata. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina tsarin abinci ke karyewa da farko ƙarƙashin ƙarancin ko girgiza? Yana barin: Ainihin sarkar kayayyaki suna ɓoye cinikin da ba na hukuma ba da samfurin bai taɓa gani ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^10 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci da ake gudanarwa don hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa ko yanki Tun: 1985 Zuwa 1985, kwaikwayon sufuri da jigilar kaya da aka yi amfani da shi ga rarraba abinci [Lamari keɓaɓɓe](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-discrete-event)[Samfuran raga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-network)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfuran gargaɗin farko na yunwa Ruwan sama, girbi, farashi da rikici da aka haɗa don nuna waɗanne yankuna ke tafiya zuwa ƙarancin abinci watanni kafin ya faɗa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne yankuna ne za su fuskanci ƙarancin abinci, kuma yaushe? Yana barin: Yana dogara da bayanai daga wuraren da suka fi rashin iya bayar da rahoto. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^10 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci da ake gudanarwa don ƙididdige yankuna da yawa kowane wata Tun: 1985 Zuwa 1985, tsarin gargaɗin farko na yunwa da gwamnati ke jagoranta a Sahel [Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Samfurin tsarin fermentation Yeast, bakteriya ko mold suna girma a cikin kasko na kullu, must ko mash, ana bin su yayin da suke cinye sukari kuma suna samar da barasa, acid ko iskar gas. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Har yaushe ya kamata wannan ya yi tsami (fermentation), kuma a wane zafi, don sakamakon da ake so? Yana barin: Fermentation na daji yana kawo ƙananan halittu da ba a gaya wa samfurin ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu ɗaya na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a kowane tsarin batch Tun: 1975 Zuwa 1975, samfuran kinetic na fermentation na yin giya da gasa [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Yin burodi da sarrafa abinci ta zafi Zafi yana shiga cikin kullu, gwangwani ko abincin da aka tattara, ana bin diddiginsa don hasashen dafuwa, yin ja da yadda ake kashe ƙwayoyin cuta lafiya. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Tsakiyar wannan samfurin ya dahu, kuma yana da lafiya a ci? Yana barin: Murhunan gaske ba su taɓa zama masu daidaito kamar filin zafin samfurin ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu ɗaya na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a kowane ƙirar samfur Tun: 1970 Zuwa 1970, samfuran canja wurin zafi don gwangwanin abinci da gasa [Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye ### Samfurin sarƙar sanyi da lalacewar abinci Ana bin diddigin canjin zafi a manyan motoci, rumbuna da firji na shaguna a kan girman ƙwayoyin cuta don hasashen yawan lokacin ajiyar da ya ɓace. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa daga wannan jigilar zai lalace kafin ya isa kan shiryayye? Yana barin: Gajerun, tsananin sauye-sauyen zafi, kamar ƙofa da aka bari a buɗe na mintuna goma, suna haifar da lalacewa fiye da yadda matsakaicin samfurin yake nunawa. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu ɗaya na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka yana bin rubutun zafin jigilar kaya ɗaya Tun: 1990 Zuwa 1990, samfuran hasashen tsawon rayuwar abinci mai sanyi a jigilar kaya [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Kwaikwayon amincin abinci da bin diddigi Gurɓata da aka shigar a wuri ɗaya a tsarin abinci, ana bin sa gaba ta haɗawa, sarrafawa da rarrabawa don ganin wanda ya ƙare da fallasa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Idan gurɓata ya fara nan, yaya nisa zai yaɗu kafin tunawa ta kama shi? Yana barin: Takardun da ke cikin ainihin sarkar kayayyaki suna da giɓi fiye da yadda samfurin ya ɗauka. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu ɗaya na kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a kowane yanayin gurɓatawa Tun: 1995 Zuwa 1995, kwaikwayon bin diddigin da ya biyo bayan manyan barkewar gurɓata [Samfuran raga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-network)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na abinci na hasashe Girma da mutuwar bakteriya a abinci ana ƙirƙirar samfurinsu a kan zafi, acidity da ruwa mai aiki don ƙiyasta lokacin ajiya da aminci. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri ƙwayar cuta za ta yi girma a wannan abinci a wannan zafin? Yana barin: Abinci ya fi bambanci fiye da romon dakin gwaji. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^5 FLOPS kimanta kawai daidaita lanƙwasar girma a kan laptop. Tun: 1994 Baranyi and Roberts, a dynamic approach to predicting bacterial growth in food. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605%2894%2990157-0) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Ƙwayoyin halitta ### Auna haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta ta ƙima Gurɓata, girki, ajiya da ci ana haɗa su a matsayin rarraba yiwuwar don kiyasin yiwuwar rashin lafiya daga abinci. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya yiwuwar mutum zai yi rashin lafiya daga wannan abinci, kuma wane mataki ne ya fi muhimmanci? Yana barin: Amsa ga adadin magani ba a san ta da kyau ba ga ƙwayoyin cuta da ba kasafai ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^8 FLOPS kimanta kawai Monte Carlo a kan sarkar gona-zuwa-tebur a kan laptop. Tun: 1998 Cassin and colleagues, quantitative risk assessment for E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef hamburgers. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605%2898%2900028-2) [Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Jama’a ### Kwaikwayon narkewa da kwararar ciki Motsin bangon ciki yana tuƙa gauraya da rushewar abinci, kuma ana lissafa kwarara da acid don danganta tsarin abinci da sakin abinci mai gina jiki. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri ake rushe abinci a sha shi a ciki? Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa motsin bangon ciki da ruwan abinci. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon kwararar bango mai motsi a kan gungun kwamfutoci. Tun: 2010 Kozu and colleagues, analysis of flow phenomena in gastric contents induced by human gastric peristalsis. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11483-010-9183-y) [Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jikuna [◂ Ilimin halittu, juyin halitta da halayyar dabbobi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/ecology-behaviour)[Halin ɗan adam da al’umma ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/human-society)