---
title: "Ilimin taurari da cosmology · Kwaikwayo · Hasashen Kwaikwayo"
url: https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/astronomy-cosmology
description: "Sararin samaniya daga mintunansa na farko zuwa ragar sararin samaniya, da taurari, duniyoyi da black holes a cikinsa."
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
credit: "Ross Allan Dahl, Hasashen Kwaikwayo (simulation-hypothesis.com)"
---

[Kwaikwayo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations)fanni 2 na 18

# Ilimin taurari da cosmology

Sararin samaniya daga mintunansa na farko zuwa ragar sararin samaniya, da taurari, duniyoyi da black holes a cikinsa.

Ba za mu iya sake gudanar da sararin samaniya ba, don haka masana taurari suna gina samfurinsa. Kwaikwayon cosmological su ne abu na gaske mafi kusa da ma’aunin “duk sararin samaniya” na Filin gwaji. Ana iya lissafa su ne saboda ɓarbashi guda yana wakiltar kusan Rana miliyan guda.

## Sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya

### Cosmological N-body

Duhu abu a matsayin biliyoyin ƙwayoyi, da suke girma a ƙarƙashin nauyi daga sararin samaniya na farko mai kusan daidaito zuwa gidan yanar gizon sararin samaniya na zaren, bango da wurare marasa komai.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin samfurinmu na sararin samaniya yana samar da tsarin babban ma’auni iri ɗaya da na’urorin hangen nesa suke gani?

Yana barin: Ɓurɓushi ɗaya yana wakiltar rana miliyan, don haka babu abin da ya fi galaxy ƙanƙanta da ke akwai da gaske.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17.5 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban kaso na supercomputer na ƙasa, na makonni. Tun: 1970 Samfurin maki 300 na Peebles na samuwar gungun galaxy, daga cikin na farko; gudanarwar N-body na gungun taurari ya fara da von Hoerner a 1960

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)ƙasan abu: Jikuna

### Kafuwar galaxy

Sanyaya iskar gas, kafuwar taurari da fashewar supernova, da kuma accretion na baƙar rami da yake tuƙa fitar iska (outflows), duk an shimfiɗa su a kan gidan yanar gizon dark-matter.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa galaxies ke zuwa da siffofi da girma da suke da su?

Yana barin: Ana wakiltar samuwar taurari da tasirin ramin baƙi ta hanyar ƙa’idodi masu daidaitawa na ƙasa da raga, ba a samo su daga tushe ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban yanki na supercomputer na ƙasa, makonni na gudu. Tun: 1992 kwaikwayon nauyi-da-iskar gas na farko na galaxies masu kafuwa.

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Mintuna ashirin na farko, lokacin da sararin samaniya ya kasance kamar na’urar nukiliya tana yin hydrogen, helium da ɗan lithium.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin rabon sinadaran (elements) da aka hasashe sun dace da tsohuwar iskar da za mu iya aunawa?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka farkon sararin samaniya ya kasance daidai gwargwado, ko da yake yana ɗauke da ƙananan rashin daidaito.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; dukan lissafin yana ɗaukar daƙiƙu. Tun: 1967 Lissafin farko na yawan abubuwa marasa nauyi na Wagoner, Fowler da Hoyle.

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Ƙasa da atom

### Cosmic microwave background

Girgiza a cikin plasma mai zafi na sararin samaniya a farkonsa, ana haɓaka su har sai an saki haske shekaru 380,000 bayan Big Bang.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne sigogin cosmological ne ke samar da tsarin wurare masu zafi da sanyi da muke lura da su?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka samfurin cosmological na ƙa’ida daidai ne kuma yana dacewa da ƙaramin saitin sigoginsa kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur; mintuna a kowane saitin sigogi. Tun: 1996 Lambar Boltzmann mai sauri ta Seljak da Zaldarriaga don sararin microwave.

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Cosmic reionization

Hasken ultraviolet daga taurari da galaxies na farko yana yaɗuwa yana ionising hydrogen mara caji da ya cika farkon sararin samaniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sake ionising sararin samaniya bayan zamanin duhu na sararin samaniya?

Yana barin: Tushen da suke da rauni da nesa waɗanda ke yin yawancin ionising har yanzu sun fi abin da kowace na’urar hangen nesa za ta iya gani kai tsaye, don haka ana tsawaita adadinsu.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban kaso na supercomputer na ƙasa, na makonni. Tun: 1999 kwaikwayon radiative-transfer na farko na kumfa na farko da aka ionise.

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Iskar da ke tsakanin galaxies da dajin Lyman-alpha

Siririn iskar gas da aka shimfiɗa tsakanin galaxies, an bunƙasa ta ƙarƙashin nauyi da dumama har tsarin shanta ya yi daidai da dajin layukan da ke kiftawa a bakan quasar mai nisa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa abu na yau da kullum ke akwai a cikin iskar tsakanin galaxies, kuma yaya zafi yake?

Yana barin: Yana dogara da zato game da yadda hasken ultraviolet daga galaxies yake ɗumama iskar, wanda ba a lura da shi kai tsaye ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a ko na ƙasa, makonni a kowane yanki na sarari da aka kwaikwaya. Tun: 1994 kwaikwayon hydrodynamic na farko da ya sake haifar da Lyman-alpha forest.

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon dark matter na raƙuman girgiza

Ana bunƙasa sararin samaniya da dark matter da ake ɗauka a matsayin raƙuman quantum masu haɗin kai masu bin ma’aunan Schrodinger da Poisson maimakon ɓarbashi na gargajiya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsarin sararin samaniya zai kasance idan dark matter raƙuman girgiza ne marasa nauyi ƙwarai?

Yana barin: Buƙatar ƙudurin raƙuman quantum yana sa manyan juzu’i da wuya, kuma galibi ana barin baryons.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^19 FLOPS kimanta kawai Manyan kwaikwayon raƙuman ruwa na adaptive-mesh Tun: 2014 Cosmic structure as the quantum interference of a coherent dark wave (2014) [tushe](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.6586)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon da aka ƙuntata na sararin samaniya na kusa

Gudun cosmological da yanayin farawarsu aka daidaita don yankin sarari da aka ci gaba da shi cikin lokaci ya sake haifar da maƙwabtan galaxy ɗinmu da aka lura, har da gungun na kusa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za mu iya kwaikwayon ainihin tsare-tsaren da ke kewayen Milky Way maimakon wani yanki na yau da kullum na sararin samaniya?

Yana barin: Ƙuntatawa suna zuwa daga bayanan nisa masu hayaniya, don haka daidaitawa ta ƙididdiga ce, ba daidai ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^19 FLOPS kimanta kawai Manyan gudanarwar N-body ko hydrodynamic daga yanayin farko da aka tilasta Tun: 2010 Constrained Local UniversE Simulations (CLUES) (2010) [tushe](https://arxiv.org/abs/1005.2687)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Masu kwaikwayon cosmological

Ƙaramin tarin kwaikwayon cosmological masu tsada ana amfani da shi don horar da mai interpolation mai sauri wanda yake hasashen ƙididdiga kamar matter power spectrum don ƙimar sigogi na kusa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za mu iya hasashen tsari ga dubban zaɓin sigogi daga ƴan dozin kwaikwayo kawai?

Yana barin: Yana rufe tazarar sigogi da ƙididdiga da aka horar da shi a kai kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^18 FLOPS kimanta kawai Ƙirar dozin kaɗan na gudun N-body, sannan hasashe kusan ba tare da buƙatar lissafi ba Tun: 2010 The Coyote Universe III: simulation suite and precision emulator (2010) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/713/2/1322)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Haɗa yawan taurari

Hasken haɗin tsararraki da yawa na taurari da aka tara daga hanyoyin juyin halittar taurari da bakan, don karanta shekaru, nauyi da tarihin samuwar taurari daga launukan galaxy.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane gauraya na taurari ke ba galaxy launinsa?

Yana barin: Hanyoyin taurari da dakunan karatu na bakan suna ɗauke da rashin tabbacinsu, kamar na matakai na ƙarshe na juyin halitta.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon hasken taurari mai sauƙin lissafi, ana maimaitawa a kan grid na shekaru da metallicity. Tun: 1983 Bruzual's spectral evolution of galaxies, early-type systems. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/161352)

[Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi

### Juyin halittar chemical na galaxy

Taruwar sinadarai masu nauyi a galaxy cikin lokaci, daga shigowar iskar gas, samuwar taurari, mutuwar taurari da fitar iskar gas, an rubuta shi a matsayin jerin ma’aunan ƙimar da aka haɗa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wani galaxy ya tara ƙarfensa da iskar oxygen?

Yana barin: An haɗa haɗuwa da kwararar iska zuwa ƙananan sigogi masu ’yanci, don haka samfurin yana dacewa amma ba ya hasashe.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^8 FLOPS kimanta kawai haɗa lissafin rate-equation ba tare da lissafi mai yawa ba, ana duba shi a kan sigogi. Tun: 1968 Samfurin Tinsley na juyin halittar taurari da iskar gas a galaxies. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/149455)

[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi

### Samuwar galaxy ta semi-analytic

Galaxies da aka zana a kan halos masu haɗuwa na kwaikwayon dark-matter da ƙa’idodi masu sauƙi na sanyaya, kafuwar taurari da feedback, suna bin kowane galaxy da ƙaramin lissafi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Galaxy nawa na kowane girma halos na dark matter ke ɗauka?

Yana barin: Hanyoyin samuwar taurari da martani an daidaita su ba a samo su ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙa’idodin da aka yi amfani da su a kan miliyoyin bishiyoyin haɗuwa, ƙarancin lissafi sosai fiye da hydrodynamics. Tun: 1993 Samuwar galaxy a cikin halos na dark-matter masu haɗuwa na Kauffmann, White da Guiderdoni. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/264.1.201)

[Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon dark matter mai mu’amala da kansa

Ƙwayoyin dark-matter da aka bari su watse daga juna, don tsakiyar halo su yi laushi kuma satellite galaxies su canza siffa, ana gwada su a kan lura da galaxy.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ƙwayoyin dark-matter suna yin karo, kuma yana sassauta tsakiyar galaxies?

Yana barin: Cross-section lamba ce ta kyauta, kuma martanin baryonic zai iya kwaikwayon ko ɓoye tsakiyar iri ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudanarwar N-body tare da ƙarin matakin watsawa. Tun: 2000 Weakly self-interacting dark matter da tsarin dark halos na Yoshida, Springel, White da Tormen. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/317306)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon sararin samaniya mai neutrino mai nauyi

Neutrinos masu ƙaramin nauyi da aka ƙara a gudanarwar samuwar tsari a matsayin ɓarbashi ko ruwan grid, don a auna tasiri a kan girman ragar sararin samaniya (cosmic web).

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa nauyin neutrino ke rage girman tsarin sararin samaniya?

Yana barin: Hayaniyar zafi daga neutrino tana sa tsarin ɓarbashi ya zama mai hayaniya, kuma nauyinsu da kansa ba a sani ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai manyan gudanarwar N-body masu ƙarin sashen neutrino. Tun: 2008 Brandbyge, Hannestad, Haugboelle and Thomsen's effect of thermal neutrino motion on the non-linear matter power spectrum. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2008/08/020)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samuwar tsari ta gyaran nauyi

Gudanarwar N-body inda nauyi ya bambanta da general relativity a manyan mizani, tare da tsarin kariya da ke mayar da shi kusa, don a iya gwada sararin samaniya don sababbin ƙarfi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin canji ga nauyi zai bar alama ta musamman a tsarin sararin samaniya?

Yana barin: Kowace ka’ida tana buƙatar mai warwarewa na musamman, kuma bin tantancewa daidai yana da tsada.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudanarwar N-body masu warware ƙarin ma’aunin filin maras layi a kowane mataki. Tun: 2008 Oyaizu’s nonlinear evolution of f(R) cosmologies, methodology. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.78.123524)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Bin hasken raunin lensing ta sararin samaniya na kwaikwayo

Hasken da ake bi ta cikin abu na babban kwaikwayo don hasashen yadda siffofin galaxy ke karkacewa kaɗan, don a iya daidaita bincike.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa siffofin galaxy masu nisa ke karkacewa ta abin da ke tsakaninsu?

Yana barin: Kimantawar jirage da yawa da cikakken bayani mai iyaka suna ɓata ƙananan tsarin lensing.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai bin hanyar haske ta ɗaruruwan hotunan N-body. Tun: 2000 Kwaikwayon bin hasken Jain, Seljak da White na karkatar haske mai rauni ta manyan tsarin sararin samaniya. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/308384)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Sauyin hanyar sadarwar cosmic string a kan lokaci

Hanyar sadarwa ta siraran lahani da aka miƙe da suka rage daga canjin yanayin abu na farko, ana bin diddigin sauyinta don ganin loops da dogayen igiya nawa suke tsira da yadda za su yi tasiri ta gravity.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin cosmic strings, idan sun wanzu, suna zama a tsarin da ba shi da ma’auni (scale-free)?

Yana barin: Gudun filin-ka’ida ba za su iya kai faɗin igiya na gaske ba, kuma tsarin ma’auni ana kusantar sa ne ta tsawaitawa kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai Kwaikwayon Nambu-Goto ko ka’idar filin a akwati mai faɗaɗa. Tun: 1985 Albrecht and Turok's computed evolution of cosmic strings. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.54.1868)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Dynamics na filin lattice na farkon sararin samaniya

Filayen scalar a kan lattice da aka haɓaka har ƙarshen inflation don ganin yadda ake mika kuzarin inflaton ga ɓarbashi a fashewar resonant mai tashin hankali.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sararin samaniya ya yi zafi bayan inflation?

Yana barin: Filayen gargajiya suna tsayawa a madadin sauye-sauyen quantum, wanda yake aiki ne kawai muddin lambobin zama suna da girma.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudun filin lattice na gargajiya har zuwa wuraren dubu kaɗan a kowane gefe. Tun: 1996 Ruɓewar inflaton ta gargajiya ta Khlebnikov da Tkachev. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.77.219)

[Ka’idar filin lattice](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-lattice)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Ƙasa da atom

### Yaɗuwar cosmic-ray na galaxy

Ƙwayoyi masu caji daga supernovae suna yawo cikin Galaxy ƙarƙashin yaɗuwa, asarar kuzari da martanin nuclei, don hasashen abin da yake isa Duniya da gamma rays da suke fitarwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya cosmic rays ke yaɗuwa a cikin Galaxy, kuma me suke bari a baya?

Yana barin: An santsanta filin maganadisu da rarraba iskar gas na Galaxy, don haka ana daidaita ma’aunin yaɗuwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai warwarewar lissafi ta ma’aunin jigila a kan grid na sigogi. Tun: 1998 Yaɗuwar nucleons na hasken sararin samaniya a Galaxy na Strong da Moskalenko. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/306470)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon cosmological mai differentiable

Kwaikwayon particle-mesh na girman tsari da aka rubuta don gradients su ratsa ta cikinsa, yana bari a daidaita yanayin farko ko sigogi don dacewa da galaxies da aka lura kai tsaye.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane filin yawa na farawa da cosmology ke sake haifar da galaxies da muke gani da gaske?

Yana barin: Tsarin particle-mesh mai sauri ba shi da laushi a ƙananan ma’auni, don haka ya dace da manyan tsare-tsare amma ba cikin galaxy ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai ɗaruruwan sa’o’in GPU ga kowace ƙarar da aka daidaita. Tun: 2020 FlowPM na Modi da abokan aikinsa, mai warware cosmological na particle-mesh na TensorFlow da aka rarraba. [tushe](https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11847)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Tarin taswirar sama da hotuna na wucin gadi

Ana zana duniyar gwaji ta taurarin galaxy, taurari da abubuwan da ke walƙiya na ɗan lokaci daga kwaikwayo, sannan a mayar da ita hotunan pixel da na’urar hangen nesa ta bincike da layin sarrafa bayananta za su ɗauka, da hayaniya, haɗuwa da tasirin kayan aiki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin software ɗin binciken zai dawo da ainihin cosmology daga sama da muka san gaskiyarsa?

Yana barin: Taswirar karya tana ɗauke da fiziks da tasirin kayan aiki da marubutanta suka yi tunanin haɗawa kawai, don haka kurakurai da ba a hango ba suna ci gaba da zama ba a hango su ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai watanni a kan rabon manyan kwamfutoci kaɗan don ƙirƙirar kundi da hotuna. Tun: 2021 DC2 simulated sky survey na LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/abd62c)

[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon karo da haɗuwar galaxy

Galaxies biyu da ake ɗauka a matsayin faifai na taurarin gwaji suna wucewa juna ƙarƙashin nauyi, don nuna yadda wutsiyoyin tidal, gadoji da haɗuwa ke samuwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin dogayen rafukan taurari da ake gani a kewayen wasu galaxies sun zo daga haɗuwa ta kusa a baya?

Yana barin: Nau’ikan farko suna watsi da nauyin taurari kan juna da kan iskar, kuma duk wani daidaitawa da ainihin biyu tarihi ɗaya ne kawai mai yiwuwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai sa’o’i zuwa kwanaki a kan kwamfutar aiki don haɗuwar zamani mai cikakken bayani. Tun: 1972 Lissafin jiki uku da aka taƙaita na Toomre da Toomre na gadoji da wutsiyoyin galaxy. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/151823)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

## Taurari

### Juyin halittar taurari

Tauraro a matsayin yadudduka na iskar gas masu shiga cikin juna, yana ƙone mai daga haihuwa zuwa white dwarf, neutron star ko baƙar rami.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Har yaushe tauraro mai wannan nauyi yake rayuwa, kuma yaya yake mutuwa?

Yana barin: Yana kula da kwararar zafi da juyawa da ƙa’idodi da aka ƙiyasta maimakon warware hargitsi kai tsaye.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; cikakken hanyar juyin halitta tana ɗaukar mintuna. Tun: 1955 Samfuran taurari jajaye da Hoyle da Schwarzschild suka lissafa da farko.

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Supernovae na core-collapse

Daƙiƙa ta ƙarshe ta babban tauraro: tsakiya na rushewa, neutrino suna ambaliya, da raƙuman girgiza da ko dai suna wargaza tauraron ko su tsaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace hanya ce ke tuƙa fashewar babban tauraro?

Yana barin: Hanyar da ke farfado da girgiza da ta tsaya ba a daidaita ta ba tukuna, kuma samfura sun bambanta daga tauraro zuwa tauraro.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban kaso na supercomputer na ƙasa, na watanni. Tun: 1966 Colgate and White's first computer models of core collapse.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samuwar taurari

Gajimaren iskar sanyi suna rugujewa ƙarƙashin nauyi zuwa gungun taurari, hargitsi da filayen maganaɗisu suna turawa baya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa taurari ke samuwa da yaɗuwar nauyin da suke da shi?

Yana barin: Har yanzu ba zai iya warware dukan gajimare da ƙananan ma’aunin da tauraro ɗaya yake kafuwa a ciki ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a ko na ƙasa, makonni don gajimare ɗaya. Tun: 1969 Gwajin lissafi na farko na Larson na rushewar gajimaren protostellar.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Girgizar taurari

Raƙuman sauti da na nauyi suna ta amo a cikin tauraro, ana lissafa su don hasashen tsarin kiftawar haske da na’urar hangen nesa za ta gani.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me girgizar tauraro ke gaya mana game da abin da ke cikinsa?

Yana barin: Saman layuka ne kawai aka tabbatar da kyau. Tsakiyar kanta har yanzu al’amarin zato ne, ba aunawa kai tsaye ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; cikakken bakan oscillation yana ɗaukar mintuna. Tun: 1975 samfuran oscillation da aka lissafa na farko an kwatanta da bugun minti biyar na Rana da aka lura.

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Juyin halittar taurari biyu

Taurari biyu masu zagayawa kusa da isa su jawo iskar gas daga juna, su musanya nauyi, su haɗu ko su ƙare a matsayin ƙungiya biyu masu ɗaure juna na ragowar masu matsewa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin taurari biyun nan za su ƙare a matsayin haɗuwa, biyu da suka tsira, ko tushen raƙuman nauyi?

Yana barin: Har yanzu ana wakiltar canja wurin abu tsakanin taurari biyu da wasu ƙa’idoji kaɗan masu daidaitawa maimakon a samo shi daga ƙa’idodin farko.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; al’ummar binaries tana juyin halitta cikin mintuna. Tun: 1967 samfuran lissafi na farko na canja wurin yawan abu tsakanin taurari biyu na kusa.

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Yanayin taurari da bakan haskensu

Haske da ke tserewa ta cikin saman tauraro, ana lissafa shi a kan zafi da abun da ke ciki don hasashen bakan da na’urar hangen nesa za ta rubuta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me aka yi wannan tauraro da shi, kuma yaya saman sa yake da zafi?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka yanayi mai santsi, natsattse, alhali tabo da ƙwayoyin convection na tauraro suna sa ainihin fuskar ta zama marar santsi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki; awanni a kowane tauraro da aka yi samfuri. Tun: 1967 samfuran yanayi da aka lissafa na farko an kwatanta su da bakan taurari da aka auna.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Juyin ɗanɗanon neutrino na supernova

Ruwan neutrino mai yawa da ke barin tauraro mai rushewa, ana bin su yayin da suke warwatsa juna kuma suna canza ɗanɗano, abin da ke shafar fashewar da abubuwan da aka ƙera.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya neutrinos ke musayar nau’i a cikin cunkoson da ke cikin supernova?

Yana barin: Cikakkiyar matsalar ta yi girma da ba za a warware ta tare da fashewar ba, don haka ana ɗaukar fiziks na ɗanɗano a ƙananan akwatuna da aka sauƙaƙa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai lissafin quantum kinetic da aka haɗa a ƴan girma. Tun: 2006 Duan, Fuller, Carlson and Qian's simulation of coherent nonlinear neutrino flavour transformation in the supernova environment. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.74.105014)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Ƙasa da atom

### Kwaikwayon kwararar zafi a saman tauraro

Saman tauraro mai tafasa da aka lissafa a girma uku da hasken radiyo, don sake haifar da granulation da siffofin layukan bakan.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya saman tauraro yake kama, kuma yaya layukansa ke samuwa?

Yana barin: Ana yin samfurin ɗan ƙaramin yanki kaɗai, kuma zurfafan layukan ƙasa ana sanya su daga samfuran tauraro masu girma ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai radiation hydrodynamics mai girma uku na ɓangaren saman. Tun: 1998 Kwaikwayon Stein da Nordlund na ƙwayar rana. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/305678)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Juyin halittar common-envelope

Ƙaramin tauraro yana juyawa a karkace cikin lulluɓin waje mai kumburi na abokin tafiyarsa, yana fitar da iskar gas ɗin ko kuma su haɗu, an bi diddigin da hydrodynamics don ganin waɗanne taurari biyu na kusa ne suke tsira.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tauraron da yake juyawa a karkace yana fitar da lulluɓi ko yana haɗuwa da tsakiya?

Yana barin: Gudanarwar tana ɗaukar ƙasa da ainihin al’amari sosai kuma ba za ta iya sanyaya iskar ba, don haka rabuwar ƙarshe ta kasance mara tabbaci.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar hydrodynamic mai girma uku na ‘yan zagaye. Tun: 1996 Kwaikwayon hydrodynamic na Rasio da Livio na tsarin common-envelope. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/177975)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samar da al’ummar taurari biyu (binary)

Miliyoyin taurari biyu da aka haɓaka da ƙa’idoji masu sauri na canja wurin abu, tides da bugun supernova, don hasashen yawan haɗuwa, novae da tushen raƙuman nauyi da galaxy ke ɗauka.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ne binaries na baƙin rami da tauraron neutron galaxy ke samarwa?

Yana barin: Dabarun dacewa masu sauri suna maye gurbin cikakkun samfuran taurari, don haka sakamako ba kasafai ba yana dogara da ƙa’idodin da aka ɗauka.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin binaries da aka haɓaka ta amfani da daidaiton nazari. Tun: 2002 Saurin juyin halittar taurari biyu na Hurley, Tout da Pols har da tides, don nazarin yawan jama’a. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05038.x)

[Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Collapsar da jet na gamma-ray burst

Babban tauraro yana rugujewa zuwa baƙar rami yana tuƙa jet ta lulluɓin tauraron, ana bi da relativistic hydrodynamics don ganin ko fashewa za ta iya tsira.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin jet daga tauraro mai rugujewa zai iya fita ya yi fashewar gamma-ray?

Yana barin: Ana tilasta fitar jet da hannu, saboda injin tsakiya ƙarami ne kuma mai sauri da ba za a iya bin sa da mayafi ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai axisymmetric zuwa relativistic hydrodynamics mai girma uku. Tun: 1999 Kwaikwayon collapsars na fashewar gamma-ray da fashewa a supernovae da suka gaza na MacFadyen da Woosley. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/307790)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Hanyoyin sadarwar martanin astrochemical

Ɗaruruwan halayen sinadarai a cikin iska da kuma a saman hatsin ƙura da aka haɗa a cikin gajimaren tsakanin taurari mai sanyi don hasashen waɗanne ƙwayoyin zarra ke samuwa da yadda suke raguwa yayin da taurari ke fara taruwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne ƙwayoyin zarra ta halitta ke samuwa a gajimare mai sanyi, kuma da sauri nawa?

Yana barin: Ana auna yawancin ma’aunan adadin halayen sinadarai ne kawai a zafin ɗaki ko kuma ana zatonsu.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^8 FLOPS kimanta kawai ma’aunan adadi masu tauri na nau’i dubbai, mai sauƙin lissafi ga kowane gajimare. Tun: 1973 Samfurin Herbst da Klemperer na samuwa da raguwar ƙwayoyin zarra a cikin gajimaren tsakanin taurari masu yawa. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/152436)

[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Ƙwayoyin zarra na halitta

### Hargitsi mai maganaɗisu tsakanin taurari

Iskar da ake iya matsewa, mai maganaɗisu, da aka juya a cikin akwati mai maimaitawa don gano saurin da hargitsi yake rasa kuzari, wanda yake ƙayyade saurin da gajimare ke rugujewa zuwa taurari.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri hargitsi a iskar tsakanin taurari ke ɓacewa?

Yana barin: Ɓatar kuzari ta lissafi tana maye gurbin ainihin fiziks ɗin ƙaramin mizani, kuma akwatin ba shi da bango ko nauyi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar MHD mai girma uku a babban ƙuduri. Tun: 1998 Ɓatar kuzari a cikin hargitsin magnetohydrodynamic mai matsewa na Stone, Ostriker da Gammie. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/311718)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

## Duniyoyi da kewayawa

### Samuwar duniyoyi

Ƙura a faifan da ke kewayen ƙaramin tauraro tana mannewa zuwa tsakuwa, planetesimals kuma daga ƙarshe duniyoyi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya faifan ƙura ke zama tsarin hasken rana?

Yana barin: Matakin daga tsakuwa zuwa planetesimal, mai faɗin kilomita, har yanzu ana zato shi fiye da samo shi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, kwanaki zuwa makonni don faifai ɗaya. Tun: 1978 Gwajin farko na Greenberg da abokan aikinsa na tarin ƙananan duniyoyi a lissafi.

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Jikuna

### Motsin kewayawa

Taurari suna jan juna tsawon biliyoyin shekaru, da taurari masu wutsiya da asteroid suna shiga tsakaninsu.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Tsarin hasken rana yana da kwanciyar hankali, kuma wannan asteroid zai bugi wani abu?

Yana barin: Hargitsi yana nufin ƙaramin kuskuren zagaye zai iya juya amsa bayan isasshen lokaci.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur; biliyoyin shekaru suna shiga cikin kwanaki. Tun: 1988 Digital orrery na Sussman da Wisdom ya gano hargitsi a hanyar Pluto.

[Gudanar da samfurin mai mu’amala](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/run#toy-threebody)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jikuna

### Yanayin duniyoyi da exoplanets

Samfuran yanayi da aka daidaita ga wasu duniyoyi: iskar gas daban-daban, nauyi, juyawa da hasken tauraro.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ruwa a yanayin ruwa zai iya tsira a fuskar wannan duniya?

Yana barin: Yana amfani da sigogin gajimare da chemistry da aka daidaita da Duniya ga yanayin da zai iya aiki daban sosai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, kwanaki a kowace shekarar duniya da aka kwaikwaya. Tun: 1969 Samfurin farko na zagayen iska na gaba ɗaya na Mars na Leovy da Mintz.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Cikin duniyoyi da dynamos

Dutse ko ƙarfe mai zafi da ke juyawa a zurfin duniya, ana yi masa samfuri don ganin ko yana samar da filin maganaɗisu da yadda zafi ke tserewa zuwa saman.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa wannan duniya ke da filin maganadisu, kuma wata mai girma iri ɗaya ba ta da?

Yana barin: Yana gudana a danƙo da adadin juyawa da suka fi sauƙi sosai fiye da ainihin tsakiyar duniya, sannan a ƙara girma ta zato.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na ƙasa, makonni don samfurin ciki ɗaya. Tun: 1995 samfuran kwamfuta na farko masu girma uku na geodynamo da yake samar da filin Duniya.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samuwar ramin tasiri

Asteroid ko tauraro mai wutsiya yana bugun duniya, ana yin samfuri daga taguwar girgiza ta ƙasa zuwa rami, tarkace da tasirin yanayi da suka rage.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya girman ramin, da yawan lalacewar, da wannan abin da zai faɗo zai haifar?

Yana barin: Ƙarfi da tsarin cikin abin da ya yi karo yawanci ana tantance su daga girmansa da gudunsa kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane yanayin karo. Tun: 1980 kwaikwayon hydrocode na farko na ramukan karo, da hasashen ƙarewar dinosaur ya tada.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)ƙasan abu: Jikuna

### Ganowa da siffanta exoplanet

Dushewar ko girgizar da duniya za ta haifar a hasken tauraronta, an lissafa don kwatantawa da ainihin bayanan na’urar hangen nesa da samo girmanta da hanyarta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wannan raguwar haske duniya ce a gaske, kuma idan haka ne, yaya girmanta?

Yana barin: Tabo a tauraro da girgizar tauraro na iya kwaikwayon siginar duniya sosai har su ruɗi bincike ta atomatik.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki; mintuna zuwa awanni a kowace sigina da ake la’akari da ita. Tun: 1984 samfuran light-curve da aka lissafa na farko da aka yi amfani da su don tsara binciken exoplanet na farko.

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Jikuna

### Kwaikwayon manyan karo

Ruwa mai ƙwayoyi masu santsi na jikuna biyu masu girman duniya suna karo, ana bin diddigin narkewa da ɓaraguzan da za su iya haɗuwa su zama wata.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin karo tsakanin ƙananan duniyoyi zai iya samar da Wata?

Yana barin: Sakamako yana dogara da ma’aunin yanayi da zaton juyawa da kusurwa na farko.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai Miliyoyin ɓarbashi na SPH masu ma’aunin yanayi na gaske Tun: 2001 Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth's formation (2001) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/35089010)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Haɗa yawan duniyoyi

Ana gudanar da samfuran semi-analytic masu sauri na kafuwar duniyoyi a kan dubban tsare-tsare da aka kwaikwaya don samar da al’ummar ƙididdiga da ake kwatantawa da binciken exoplanet.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane gauraya na nauyin duniyoyi da hanyoyi wata ka’idar samuwa ke hasashe?

Yana barin: Kowane tsari samfuri ne mai girma ɗaya da aka sauƙaƙa, ba cikakken gudun hydrodynamic ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai Dubban gudanarwar faifai mai girma ɗaya masu sauƙin lissafi Tun: 2004 Toward a deterministic model of planetary formation I (2004) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/381724)

[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Dawo da yanayin exoplanet

Ana gudanar da yanayin samfuri sau dubbai a kan bakan watsawa ko fitarwa don gano zafi da yawan kowane nau’in ƙwayar zarra ta halitta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me iskar wata duniya mai nisa ta ƙunsa?

Yana barin: Ana daidaita samfuran girma ɗaya da bayanai marasa inganci, don haka mafita masu lalacewa suna da yawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin kimantawar bakan a cikin mai ɗaukar samfur na Bayesian. Tun: 2009 Hanyar dawo da zafi da yawan sinadarai a yanayin exoplanet ta Madhusudhan da Seager. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/707/1/24)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Ƙwayoyin zarra na halitta

### Samfurin yanayi na yankin da ake iya rayuwa

Samfurin yanayi mai girma ɗaya na duniyar dutse a nisa daban-daban daga tauraronta, yana daidaita hasken tauraro, iskar gas ɗin greenhouse da gajimare don gano inda ruwa a yanayin ruwa zai iya dawwama.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya nisa daga tauraronta duniya za ta iya kasancewa ta riƙe ruwa a yanayin ruwa?

Yana barin: Ginshiƙi ɗaya ba zai iya wakiltar gajimare ko bambancin dare da rana ba, don haka gefunan yankin suna motsawa da samfuran girma uku.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^6 FLOPS kimanta kawai ginshiƙin radiative-convective mai girma ɗaya, mai sauƙi har ya dace da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. Tun: 1993 Yankunan da ake iya rayuwa a kewayen taurari na main-sequence na Kasting, Whitmire da Reynolds. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1993.1010)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samuwar ƙananan duniyoyi ta streaming instability

Ƙwayoyin ƙura a faifan iskar gas suna taruwa zuwa jikuna na farko masu girman kilomita, ana kwaikwayo su da ƙwayoyi da iskar don ganin ko hargitsi zai iya tattara su isa su rushe.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsakuwa ke haɗuwa zuwa farkon tubalan gina duniyoyi?

Yana barin: Ƙananan akwatuna suna rufe wani sashe na faifan, kuma girman ɓarbashin yana cikin matsatsiyar tazara.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar akwatin gida mai girma uku da ɗaruruwan miliyoyin ɓarbashi. Tun: 2007 Saurin samuwar ƙananan duniyoyi a cikin faifan hargitsi da ke kewaye da tauraro na Johansen da abokan aikinsa. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06086)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Mu’amalar duniya da faifai da ƙaura

Duniya a cikin faifan iskar da ta samo asali daga gare shi, wanda yake jawo wutsiya mai karkace da take jan ta ciki ko waje.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa duniyoyi ke ƙaura daga inda suka samu?

Yana barin: Adadin ƙaura yana da saurin canzawa da thermodynamics na faifai da danƙo, waɗanda ba a san su da kyau ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar faifan ruwa na dubban zagaye. Tun: 2000 Kwaikwayon hydrodynamic na Kley na ƙaura na tsarin protoplanets. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03495.x)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

## Nauyi mai tsanani da plasma na sarari

### Haɗuwar baƙaƙen rami

Ana warware lissafin Einstein kai tsaye yayin da baƙaƙen rami biyu suke juyawa a karkace tare, suna samar da siginar gravitational-wave da na’urorin ganewa suke saurare.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane siffar igiyar ruwa ya kamata mu gani daga ramukan baƙi biyu masu waɗannan nauyi?

Yana barin: Ɗan juzu’in daƙiƙa na ƙarshe kafin haɗuwa har yanzu yana buƙatar ƙiyasi da babu kwamfutar da ke warwarewa gaba ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16.5 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban gungun kwamfutoci, makonni don siffar taguwa ɗaya. Tun: 1964 Gwajin lissafi na farko na Hahn da Lindquist na karon baƙaƙen ramuka biyu fuska da fuska.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Faifan accretion da jet

Iska mai maganaɗisu tana juyawa cikin baƙin rami, tana ɗumama kuma tana harba jets masu tafiya dubban shekarun haske.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya baƙin rami ke haskakawa fiye da galaxy da ke kewaye da shi?

Yana barin: Ba zai iya bin faifan zuwa ma’aunin baƙar rami da faɗin galaxy a lokaci guda ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban gungun kwamfutoci, makonni don gudun faifai na duniya. Tun: 1991 Balbus and Hawley's simulations revealing the magnetorotational instability.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Yanayin sarari

Iskar rana da fashewa daga Rana suna bugun filin maganadisu na Duniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan guguwar rana za ta lalata tauraron ɗan adam ko hanyoyin wuta, kuma yaushe za ta isa?

Yana barin: Yana hasashen lokacin isowar fashewa da daidaito matsakaici da ƙarfinta da ƙarancin daidaito sosai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na cibiyar hasashen ƙasa, ana gudanar da shi sau da yawa a rana. Tun: 1978 kwaikwayon MHD na duniya na farko na iskar Rana tana bugun filin Duniya.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Haɗuwar taurarin neutron

Taurarin neutron biyu suna murzawa tare suna karo, ana bin su ta ma’aunan Einstein da kimiyyar nukiliya a lokaci guda don ganin tarkace da haske da ake jefawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan haɗuwa tana yin baƙar rami, kuma tana ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu nauyi da ake samu a Duniya?

Yana barin: Kimiyyar nukiliya ta abu mai yawa haka har yanzu ba a san ta gaba ɗaya ba, don haka abin da ke cikin tarkacen yana da rashin tabbaci na gaske.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban kaso na supercomputer na ƙasa, na makonni. Tun: 1990 kwaikwayon relativistic hydrodynamics na farko na taurari neutron masu karo.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Magnetospheres na pulsar

Filin maganadisu mai zagayawa da plasma a kewayen tauraron neutron mai juyi, an lissafa don ganin yadda yake aika raƙuman rediyo da ɓarbashi masu kuzari zuwa sarari.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa katakon pulsar ke share layin gani lokaci-lokaci, kuma me ke yanke siffarsa?

Yana barin: Plasma a saman tauraro daidai, inda katako ke samuwa da gaske, har yanzu ba a fahimce shi da kyau a zahiri ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, kwanaki a kowane samfurin magnetosphere. Tun: 1999 kwaikwayon duniya na farko na filin maganaɗisu mai juyawa na pulsar.

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Cikin Rana da dynamo

Plasma mai zafi tana juyawa da kewayawa a cikin Rana, ana yi mata samfuri don ganin yadda take naɗa filin maganaɗisu zuwa zagayen tabon Rana na shekaru goma sha ɗaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa aikin maganadisu na Rana ke tashi da faɗuwa a zagayen shekara goma sha ɗaya?

Yana barin: Har yanzu ba zai iya sake haifar da lokaci da girman zagayen da aminci ba tare da daidaita samfurin zuwa ƙimomin da aka lura ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na ƙasa, makonni don zagayen da aka kwaikwaya ɗaya. Tun: 1983 kwaikwayon convection mai girma uku na farko na cikin Rana.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Rumbunan samfurin raƙuman nauyi daga relativity na lissafi

Ɗaruruwa zuwa dubban haɗuwar baƙaƙen ramuka da aka yi wa kwaikwayo masu ɗauke da rabon nauyi da juyawa, an daidaita su cikin samfuran siffar raƙuman nauyi da na’urorin ganewa ke daidaitawa da bayanai.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya siginar kowane haɗuwar ramin baƙi take kama?

Yana barin: Katalogi ba su da yawa a fagen sigogi, don haka samfuran siffar taguwa tsakaninsu kimanta ne, ba kwaikwayo ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai dubban gudanarwar haɗuwa, kowanne makonni a gungu. Tun: 2013 Kundin kwaikwayon binary black hole 174 na Mroue da abokan aikinsa don ilimin taurari na raƙuman nauyi. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.111.241104)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Gasar bayanan jabu na raƙuman nauyi

Bayanan na’urar ganowa na kwaikwayo masu tushe da yawa da aka shigar da hayaniya ta gaske, ana amfani da su don gwada ko hanyoyin bincike za su iya dawo da siginar ilimin taurari da ke ɓoye a ciki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin layin nazari zai iya gano da auna kowane tushe da aka binne a hayaniya?

Yana barin: An kamala hayaniya kuma an ɗauka yawan tushen da aka shigar, don haka matsalolin bayanan gaske sun ɓace.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai dogayen rafukan bayanai da yawa masu dubban tushe masu haɗuwa. Tun: 2006 The Mock LISA Data Challenges, the first community blind tests of space-based gravitational-wave analysis. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2405108)

[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi

### Kwaikwayon magnetosphere da walƙiyar magnetar

Filin maganadisu mai karkace a wajen magnetar, tauraron neutron mai filaye mafi ƙarfi da aka sani, ana bin sa yayin da yake gina damuwa, sake haɗuwa da sakin walƙiya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya karkatacce filin tauraron neutron ke fitar da kuzari a walƙiya?

Yana barin: Tsarin force-free yana mantawa da inertia na plasma da pair-production da yake tuƙa ainihin walƙiyar rana (flares).

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar relativistic force-free a kan gungun kwamfutoci. Tun: 2012 Kwaikwayon Parfrey, Beloborodov da Hui na magnetospheres na magnetar masu karkace da sake haɗuwa. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/754/1/l12)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Nuna inuwar baƙar rami da hotonsa

Hasken da ake bi ta cikin lokaci-sarari mai lanƙwasa a kewayen baƙin rami da iskarsa mai zafi don hasashen hoton zobe da na’urar hangen nesa za ta gani.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya iskar gas mai haskakawa kewaye da ramin baƙi take kama daga Duniya?

Yana barin: Samfurin iskar gas zato ne na bayan sarrafawa, don haka hoton ya dogara da zafin electron da filin maganadisu da aka ɗauka.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai bin hanyar haske ta dubban hotunan kwaikwayon tara abu. Tun: 2000 Falcke, Melia and Agol's simulated image of the shadow of the black hole at the Galactic centre. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/312423)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Wargajewar taurari ta ƙarfin tidal na ramukan baƙi

Tauraro da babban baƙar rami ya karya, tarkacensa ya miƙe zuwa rafi da yake faɗowa ya haskaka, ana bin sa da hydrodynamics.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa tauraron da aka yayyaga ke faɗawa cikin baƙin rami, kuma yaya haske walƙiyar yake?

Yana barin: Radiation da ke sa wutar ta bayyana an ƙiyasta ta ne kawai, don haka lanƙwasar haske ana tantance ta, ba a kwaikwayon ta gaba ɗaya ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwa ta ƙwayoyi masu santsi ko raga tare da la’akari da alaƙa ta gaba ɗaya. Tun: 1989 Evans and Kochanek's hydrodynamic simulation of the tidal disruption of a star by a massive black hole. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1086/185567)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Jigilar radiation na kilonova

Gajimaren tarkacen abubuwa masu nauyi mai haske daga haɗuwar taurarin neutron, an yi samfurinsa da dumama mai rediyo da jigilar radiation don hasashen haskensa da launi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya haske da ja da hasken da ke biyo bayan haɗuwar taurarin neutron yake?

Yana barin: Opacities na mafi nauyin abubuwa suna dogara ne da bayanan atomic marasa cika kuma suna mamaye rashin tabbaci a launin da aka hasasshe.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai jigilar radiation ta Monte Carlo mai girma da yawa tare da bayanan atomic opacity. Tun: 2010 Samfurin Metzger da abokan aikinsa na takwarorin electromagnetic da ruɓewar rediyo na r-process ke ƙarfafawa. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16864.x)

[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin bel ɗin radiation

Electrons da protons masu ƙarfi da ke makale a filin maganaɗisu a kewayen duniya, ana motsa su ta hanyar yaɗuwa, shigarwa da asara don hasashen haɗari ga tauraron ɗan adam.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa bel-bel na radiation da aka kama ke kumbura da zubewa yayin guguwar maganadisu?

Yana barin: Ana ƙiyasta ƙimar yaɗuwar raƙuman girgiza da ɓarbashi daga ƙayyadaddun ma’auni, babban tushen kuskure.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar yaɗuwa mai girma uku a tazarar guguwa. Tun: 1995 Beutier and Boscher's three-dimensional model of the electron radiation belt. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1029/94ja03066)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Hasashen jijiyoyi don raƙuman nauyi

Ana horar da neural network a kan miliyoyin siginar haɗuwa da aka kwaikwaya a hayaniyar na’urar ganewa ta roba don ta fitar da yiwuwar nauyi, spins da nisan sabon abin da ya faru nan take.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a iya gano halayen haɗuwar baƙaƙen rami cikin daƙiƙu, da wuri isa a nufi na’urorin hangen nesa a kai?

Yana barin: Yana da kyau ne kawai gwargwadon samfurin siffar raƙuman nauyi da hayaniyar da aka horar da shi a kai, kuma sigina masu ban mamaki na iya fita daga abin da ya koya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai makonni na horon GPU a kan siffofin raƙuman girgiza na kwaikwayo. Tun: 2021 Dax and colleagues' neural posterior estimation for gravitational-wave events. [tushe](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.12594)

[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Filaye

[◂ Fiziks ta asali](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/fundamental-physics)[Duniya da yanayi ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/earth-climate)