---
title: "Duniya da yanayi · Kwaikwayo · Hasashen Kwaikwayo"
url: https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/earth-climate
description: "Yanayin sama, yanayi na dogon lokaci, teku, ƙanƙara, girgizar ƙasa, ambaliya da gobara: duniya a matsayin tsarin lissafi masu haɗe."
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
credit: "Ross Allan Dahl, Hasashen Kwaikwayo (simulation-hypothesis.com)"
---

[Kwaikwayo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations)fanni 3 na 18

# Duniya da yanayi

Yanayin sama, yanayi na dogon lokaci, teku, ƙanƙara, girgizar ƙasa, ambaliya da gobara: duniya a matsayin tsarin lissafi masu haɗe.

Duniya tsari ne da aka haɗa na yanayi, teku, ƙanƙara, dutse da halittu. Waɗannan kwaikwayon suna raba ta zuwa ƙwayoyin raga kuma suna lissafa ta gaba cikin lokaci. Hasashen yanayi shi ne amfani mafi sananne.

## Yanayi

### Samfuran tsarin Duniya

Yanayi, teku, kankarar teku, ƙasa da zagayen carbon da aka haɗa a grid na duniya aka gudanar da su ƙarni.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya duniya za ta ɗumama a ƙarƙashin wata hanyar hayaƙi?

Yana barin: Ana wakilta gajimare har yanzu ta sigogi, mafi girman tushen sabani tsakanin samfura.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban kaso na supercomputer na ƙasa, na watanni. Tun: 1969 Samfurin yanayi na farko na teku da iska da aka haɗa na Manabe da Bryan. A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Teku da yanayi masu haɗe](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=p-manabebryan)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Yanayin zamanin da

Samfura iri ɗaya suna gudana a zamanin ƙanƙara da zurfin lokaci, da nahiyoyi, hanyoyi da yanayi daban-daban.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya haddasa zamanin ƙanƙara, kuma me abin da ya wuce ke faɗa game da yadda yanayi ke saurin amsa sauye-sauye?

Yana barin: Ana sake gina tsoffin bakin teku, kankara da ciyayi daga ƙarancin shaida, sannan a ɗauke su a matsayin shigarwar da aka sani.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai kamar gudanarwar yanayi ta zamani, kaso na babbar kwamfuta na watanni. Tun: 1977 Kwaikwayon GCM na farko na yanayin zamanin ƙanƙara na Manabe da Hahn.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Ƙanƙarar da ke rufe ƙasa (ice sheets) da matakin teku

Kankara da faifan kankara suna kwarara, narkewa da faɗuwa cikin teku.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri ice sheets za su ƙara tsayin ruwan teku a wannan ƙarni?

Yana barin: Yadda ƙanƙara ke karyewa da zamewa kwatsam har yanzu ba a kama shi da kyau ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, kwanaki zuwa makonni a kowane ƙarni da aka kwaikwaya. Tun: 1976 Samfurin kwamfuta na finite-difference na farko na Mahaffy na ƙanƙarar da ke rufe ƙasa (ice sheet).

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfuran kimantawa na haɗaɗɗe

Makamashi, tattalin arziki, amfani da ƙasa da yanayi da aka haɗa a samfuri ɗaya, ana amfani da shi don kwatanta hanyoyin manufofi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane gauraya na makamashi da amfani da ƙasa ke kiyaye ɗumamar ƙasa da wani iyaka, kuma da kuɗi nawa?

Yana barin: Yana rage dukan tattalin arziki da yanayi zuwa ’yan ma’auni kaɗan, don haka amsar tana dogara sosai da adadin ragi da aka zaɓa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; cikakken gudu yana ɗaukar daƙiƙu zuwa mintuna. Tun: 1992 Samfurin DICE na Nordhaus, samfurin yanayi-tattalin arziki na farko da aka yi amfani da shi sosai.

[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jama’a

### Rage mizanin yanayin yanki

Ana amfani da sakamakon samfurin yanayin duniya maras cikakken bayani don tuƙa wani na yanki mai cikakken bayani a ƙasa ɗaya ko jerin tsaunuka.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ɗumamar duniya ke nufi da gaske ga yanayi a wannan kwari?

Yana barin: Yana gadon son zuciya na duk samfurin duniya da aka sanya shi a ciki, kawai a mafi girman cikakken bayani.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na ƙasa, makonni don hasashen yanki ɗaya. Tun: 1989 samfuran yanayi na yanki masu cikin juna na farko da aka gudanar a iyakantaccen yanki.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Injiniyancin yanayi ta hasken rana

Samfuran yanayi da aka gudanar tare da tsoma baki da gangan, kamar ƙwayoyi masu haskakawa da aka fesa a sama, don ganin abin da zai canza.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin rage hasken rana da gangan zai iya daidaita ɗumama, kuma wane sakamako na gefe zai yi?

Yana barin: Ba a taɓa yin wani shiga tsakani irin wannan a mizani ba, don haka kowane sakamako yana dogara da yadda samfurin ke wakiltar aerosols da ba a taɓa lura da su a irin wannan tura ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban kaso na supercomputer na ƙasa, na watanni. Tun: 1992 gwajin samfurin yanayi na farko da ke gwada shiga kamar na dutse mai aman wuta da aka ɗauka.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfuran Duniya-duniya

Samfuran yanayi da aka haɗa da sauƙaƙan wakilcin hali na ɗan Adam, don hayaƙi, manufa da sauyin zamantakewa su amsa yanayin duniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya juyawar zamantakewa da martanin yanayi ke mu’amala cikin ƙarnuka?

Yana barin: Ƙa’idojin hali zato ne, kuma bayanin yanayi na sarari ba shi da cikakken bayani.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai Samfuran rikitarwa da aka rage da ake gudanarwa a manyan tarin Tun: 2018 Earth system modelling with complex dynamic human societies: the copan:CORE framework (2018) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2017-126)

[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Na wakilai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-agent-based)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfuran gajimare na duniya na cloud-resolving

Samfuran yanayi masu grid da ya yi ƙanƙanta, kilomita kaɗan, don wakiltar zurfin convection a bayyane a duniya baki ɗaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a iya kwaikwayon tsarin gajimare na wurare masu zafi kai tsaye maimakon ta sigogi?

Yana barin: Gudanarwar gajeru ne, kuma hargitsi da microphysics na gajimare har yanzu ana kimanta su.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^18 FLOPS kimanta kawai Makonni na lokacin kwaikwayo a kan manyan injuna Tun: 2007 A Madden-Julian oscillation event realistically simulated by a global cloud-resolving model (2007) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1148443) A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Samfurin duniya mai warware gizagizai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=p-miura)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Superparameterisation

Ana saka ƙaramin samfurin cloud-resolving a cikin kowane ginshiƙi na babban samfurin duniya don maye gurbin tsarin convection na yau da kullum.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin fiziks na gajimare a bayyane zai iya inganta samfurin yanayi ba tare da cikakken grid mai ƙanƙanta na duniya ba?

Yana barin: Samfuran da aka saka ƙanana ne kuma ba sa magana da ginshiƙan maƙwabta.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai Samfuran gajimare na 2D da aka saka suna ninka lissafin da ake buƙata sau da yawa Tun: 2001 Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the cloud-resolving convection parameterization (2001) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469%282001%29058<0978:CCPWTL>2.0.CO;2)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Danganta abubuwan matsananci

Manyan tarin gudanarwar yanayi tare da kuma ba tare da tasirin ɗan adam ba suna ba da yiwuwar wasu takamaiman raƙuman zafi, ambaliya ko guguwa a kowace duniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa hayaƙin ɗan adam ya canza yiwuwar wannan al’amari na musamman?

Yana barin: Sakamako yana dogara da yadda samfurin ke maimaita irin al’amarin a wannan mizani.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai Ɗaruruwa zuwa dubbai na membobin tarin Tun: 2004 Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003 (2004) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03089)

[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Ensembles na fiziks da aka ɗan sauya sigoginsa da masu sa kai ke lissafawa

Dubban kwafi na samfurin yanayi, kowanne da sigogin zahiri da suka ɗan bambanta, ana gudanar da su a kwamfutocin gida da aka bayar.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya faɗin tazarar ɗumamar da ta dace da fiziks ɗin samfuri mara tabbas?

Yana barin: Tsarin samfuri a ƙayyade yake; sigogi kawai ake canzawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai Dubun dubatan gudanarwar samfuri Tun: 2005 Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases (2005) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03301)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Manyan tarin yanayin farko

Ana gudanar da samfurin yanayi ɗaya sau dozin kaɗan daga farawa da ya ɗan bambanta don raba sauyin da aka tilasta da bambancin ciki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane ɓangare na yanayin sauyin yanki hayaniyar yanayi ce kanta?

Yana barin: Yana ɗaukar bambanci a cikin samfuri ɗaya, ba bambance-bambance tsakaninsu ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^18 FLOPS kimanta kawai Dozin kaɗan na gudun haɗe-haɗe na ƙarni Tun: 2015 The CESM Large Ensemble Project (2015) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00255.1)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Masu kwaikwayon yanayi da aka koya

Neural network da aka horar da sakamakon samfurin yanayi yana tura yanayi gaba shekaru goma ko ƙarni da ƙaramin ɓangare na lissafin.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin madadin da aka horar zai iya sake haifar da ƙididdigar yanayi na shekaru da yawa da sauri?

Yana barin: Yana gadon son zuciya na samfurin horonsa kuma yana iya gazawa a wajen yanayin da ya gani.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo a kan taskokin samfura, sannan dogayen gudanarwa masu sauƙin lissafi Tun: 2023 A fast, skillful learned global atmospheric model for climate prediction (2023) [tushe](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.02074)

[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Tagwayen dijital na tsarin Duniya

Samfuran duniya masu sabuntawa koyaushe, masu ƙuduri mai girma, da ake ciyar da su ta lura kuma aka gina don amsa tambayoyin ‘idan’ ga masu amfani.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me zai faru da wani yanki idan wata shawara ko lamari ya faru?

Yana barin: Tagwayen yana da aminci ne gwargwadon samfuransa da bayanansa, kuma yanayi masu hulɗa suna da iyaka.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^19 FLOPS kimanta kawai Samfuran duniya masu mizanin kilomita tare da assimilation Tun: 2021 The digital revolution of Earth-system science (2021) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00023-0)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)[Ainihin lokaci](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-real-time)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin yanayi na radiative-convective

Ginshiƙi guda na yanayi a daidaito tsakanin radiation da convection, ana amfani da shi don gano yawan ɗumamar duniya idan carbon dioxide ko danshi ya canza.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ginshiƙin iska ke ɗumama idan iskar greenhouse ɗinsa ta ninka?

Yana barin: Ba shi da iska, gajimare ko jigilar teku, don haka yana ba da ɗumamar ma’auni ba hasashe ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^4 FLOPS kimanta kawai ginshiƙi mai girma ɗaya, mai sauri a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. Tun: 1967 Manabe and Wetherald’s thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469%281967%29024<0241:teotaw>2.0.co;2)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin yanayi na daidaiton kuzari

An rage Duniya zuwa ɓangarorin latitude da suke sha da fitar da zafi su kuma musanya shi ta sufuri, isa don nuna ice-albedo feedback da tipping tsakanin yanayin yanayi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ƙaruwar rufin kankara ba tare da tsayawa ba za ta iya daskarar da duk duniya?

Yana barin: Hoton yana watsi da motsi da yanayi, don haka yana ba da labari amma ba ya hasashe.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^3 FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙananan lissafi; daƙiƙu a kowace kwamfuta. Tun: 1969 Samfurin yanayi na duniya na Sellers bisa daidaiton kuzarin tsarin duniya-iska. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450%281969%29008<0392:agcmbo>2.0.co;2)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi

### Samfurin duniya mai canzawa na ciyayi da zagayen carbon

Shuke-shuke, ƙasa da musayar carbon ɗinsu da aka yi wa kwaikwayo a duniya, tare da nau’ikan ciyayi suna gasa da canzawa yayin da yanayi ke canzawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa carbon ƙasa za ta sha ko ta saki yayin da yanayi ke ɗumama?

Yana barin: An haɗa nau’ikan shuke-shuke cikin ƙananan ajujuwa na aiki, kuma martanin abinci mai gina jiki da tarwatsewa ba su da kyau.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar duniya na ƙarnuka da dama, galibi a kan grid mai ƙauri. Tun: 1996 Foley and colleagues' integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance and vegetation dynamics. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1029/96gb02692)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)[Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon zagayen carbon da yanayi da aka haɗa

Samfurin yanayi mai zagayen carbon na ƙasa da teku a cikinsa, don ɗumamar duniya ta iya canza yawan abin da Duniya take sha kuma ta mayar da tasiri ga kanta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ɗumamar za ta juya ƙasa da teku daga masu shan carbon zuwa masu fitar da shi?

Yana barin: Martanin carbon na ƙasa yana bambanta sosai tsakanin samfura saboda zato game da ƙasa da ciyayi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar yanayi masu haɗe na ƙarnuka da dama a kan babbar kwamfuta. Tun: 2000 Cox, Betts, Jones, Spall and Totterdell's acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/35041539)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin muhallin teku da biogeochemistry

Abinci mai gina jiki, plankton da detritus da ake ɗauka da zagayawa ta teku, don hasashen yawan abin da ake samarwa da carbon da ake kaiwa zurfi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa carbon rayuwar teku ke ɗauka zuwa zurfin teku?

Yana barin: Ƙungiyoyin plankton ’yan ɗakuna ne kaɗan da aka haɗa da adadin da aka daidaita.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai wani sashe na biogeochemical a cikin samfurin zagayawar teku gaba ɗaya. Tun: 1990 Fasham, Ducklow and McKelvie's nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1357/002224090784984678)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Parameterisation na subgrid da aka koya

Neural network da aka horar da samfurin cloud-resolving yana maye gurbin ƙa’idojin da aka rubuta da hannu na guguwa da gajimare da suka yi ƙanƙanta ga samfurin yanayin duniya mai kauri.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin samfurin yanayi maras cikakken bayani zai iya samun ƙananan gajimare daidai ta koyon su daga wanda ya fi cikakken bayani?

Yana barin: Hanyar sadarwar za ta iya karkata zuwa yanayi marasa karko ko waɗanda fiziks ba ta yarda da su ba idan sauyin yanayi ya fita daga sharuɗɗan da aka horar da ita a kai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai horo a kan ƙaramin saitin kwaikwayo masu cikakken bayani, sannan amfani mai sauƙin lissafi cikin samfurin yanayi. Tun: 2018 Wakilcin zurfin koyo na Rasp, Pritchard da Gentine na hanyoyin subgrid a samfurin yanayi. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810286115)

[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

## Yanayi da iska

### Hasashen yanayi na lissafi

Yanayin yau da aka lura an ci gaba da shi sa’o’i zuwa kwanaki, yawanci a matsayin ensemble na wuraren farawa da suka ɗan bambanta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a yi ruwan sama a nan Alhamis, kuma yaya muke da tabbaci?

Yana barin: Ƙwarewa tana rushewa bayan kusan kwanaki goma, duk kyawun grid.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai supercomputer na cibiyar yanayi ta ƙasa, ’yan kashi kaɗan cikin ɗari na shi na awanni. Tun: 1950 Charney, Fjortoft and von Neumann's first numerical forecast. A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Hasashen yanayi na farko ta kwamfuta](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=p-eniac)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Yanayi da na’ura ta koya

Hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyi da aka horar a kan shekarun yanayin da suka wuce, suna samar da hasashe cikin daƙiƙu maimakon sa’o’i.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai kwaikwayo da aka koya zai iya hasashe kamar yadda fiziks ɗin da aka horar da shi a kai yake yi?

Yana barin: Yana koyon tsarin yanayin da ya gabata, don haka yana wahala da irin matsanancin al’amarin da bai taɓa gani ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai GPU ɗaya mai ƙarfi; hasashe cikin daƙiƙu maimakon awanni. Tun: 2022 samfuran yanayi na farko da aka koya da suka kai ƙwarewar hasashe ta samfuran bisa fiziks.

[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Guguwar yankin tropic

Guguwar hurricane da typhoon a babban cikakken bayani: hanyoyinsu, ƙarfinsu da ruwan saman da suke kawowa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina guguwar za ta sauka a ƙasa, kuma gwargwadon ƙarfi nawa?

Yana barin: Idon da bangon ido har yanzu sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda yawancin samfura za su iya warwarewa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na cibiyar hasashen ƙasa, ana gudanar da shi ga kowace guguwa mai aiki. Tun: 1969 Samfurin lissafi na farko na Ooyama na ci gaban guguwar hurricane.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Ingancin iska da yaɗuwa

Gurɓatattun abubuwa, hayaƙi da tokar dutsen wuta da iska ke ɗauka, haɗawa da canzawa ta sinadarai.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina hayaƙin ke tafiya, kuma iska lafiya ce a shaƙa ko a tashi ta cikinta?

Yana barin: Rumbunan fitar da hayaƙi, shigarwar da dukan hasashen yake dogara da ita, sau da yawa sun tsufa ko an kiyasta.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane lamarin gurɓata Tun: 1970 samfuran Gaussian plume na kwamfuta na farko na gurɓatar bututun hayaƙi.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Hasashen yanayi na kowane lokacin shekara

Tarin gudun samfurin yanayi masu tsawon yanayi, da aka fara daga teku da yanayin yau, da aka nufa ga yiwuwar kakar gaba ɗaya maimakon wata rana ɗaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan hunturu zai fi ɗumi ko ruwan sama fiye da matsakaici?

Yana barin: Ba zai iya faɗin yanayi a kowace rana da aka ba da ba, sai yadda yiwuwa ta canza.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai supercomputer na cibiyar hasashen ƙasa, tarin gudu a kowace kaka. Tun: 1986 hasashen kakar dynamical na farko ta amfani da samfuran da aka haɗa da teku.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Guguwar convective mai tsanani

Guguwar tsawa ɗaya ko supercell, an warware ta har ma’aunin hawan iska da saukarta, don ganin ko za ta haifar da guguwar tornado ko ta zubar da manyan ƙanƙara.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan guguwar za ta samar da mahaukaciyar guguwa, kuma ina?

Yana barin: Yana buƙatar grid mai cikakken bayani da zai iya ganin guguwar tornado, wanda lissafinsa ya yi nauyi da yawa a gudanar a duk inda guguwa za ta iya samuwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na ƙasa, awanni don guguwa ɗaya a ƙuduri mai tsayi sosai. Tun: 1975 samfuran kwamfuta na farko masu girma uku na guguwar tsawa ɗaya.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Hasashen yanayi na ensemble na generative

Samfurin diffusion yana ɗebo makomar yanayi masu yiwuwa da yawa na makonni biyu masu zuwa, yana ba da yiwuwar kowane ma’auni a girman duniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin samfuri da aka koya zai iya ba da rashin tabbacin hasashe da aka daidaita ba tare da lissafi mai yawa ba?

Yana barin: An ɗaure shi da bayanan reanalysis kuma ba ya ba da tabbacin zahiri a kan matsanancin yanayi da ba kasafai ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo a kan shekaru da dama na reanalysis, mintuna ga kowane memba na ensemble Tun: 2023 GenCast: diffusion-based ensemble forecasting for medium-range weather (2023) [tushe](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.15796)

[Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Hasashen yanayi na tarin gudu

Hasashe da aka gudanar sau da yawa daga yanayin farawa da ya ɗan bambanta, don yaɗuwar ta nuna yadda yanayi yake da rashin tabbas da yiwuwar kowane sakamako.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tabbacin hasashen yanayi zai kasance, kuma me zai iya faruwa maimakon haka?

Yana barin: Ƙananan canje-canje a yanayin farawa suna kama ɓangaren kuskuren samfurin ne kawai, don haka tazarar yaɗuwa kan zama matsatsiya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai dozin kaɗan na hasashen duniya kowace rana, kowanne babban gudu. Tun: 1974 Leith’s theoretical skill of Monte Carlo forecasts. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493%281974%29102<0409:tsomcf>2.0.co;2)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Sake nazarin yanayi

Samfurin hasashe na zamani maras canzawa da aka gudanar a kan shekaru da dama na ganin da aka yi a baya, yana haɗa su zuwa tarihin bayanai mai daidaito, mara gibi na yanayi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene iska, zafi da matsi a kowane wuri da lokaci a baya?

Yana barin: Canje-canje a tsarin lura a kan lokaci suna barin karkatar wucin gadi a rubutun.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai shekaru goma-goma na zagayen assimilation a supercomputer. Tun: 1996 Aikin sake nazarin shekaru 40 na NCEP/NCAR na Kalnay da abokan aikinsa. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477%281996%29077<0437:tnyrp>2.0.co;2)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Large-eddy simulation na iyakar yanayi

Mafi ƙasan kilomita na yanayi, inda eddies masu hargitsi ke haɗa zafi, ɗanshi da gurɓatattun abubuwa, ana warware manyan eddies kuma ana yin samfurin ƙanana.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya juye-juyen iska masu hargitsi ke ɗaukar zafi da danshi sama daga ƙasa?

Yana barin: Musayar saman da gauraya ta ƙasa da raga ana ƙiyasta su, abin da ke iyakance daidaito kusa da ƙasa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai yanki na kilomita kaɗan da ƙudurin mita goma-goma. Tun: 1972 Deardorff's numerical investigation of neutral and unstable planetary boundary layers. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469%281972%29029<0091:nionau>2.0.co;2)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon guguwa na duniya na storm-resolving

Samfurin yanayin duniya baki ɗaya a ƙudurin kilomita kaɗan don gungun guguwar tsawa da guguwar wurare masu zafi su bayyana ba tare da sigogin convection ba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me yanayi ke yi idan an warware guguwa maimakon a ƙiyasta su?

Yana barin: Microphysics na gajimare da hargitsi ƙasa da kilomita kaɗan har yanzu ana wakiltar su da sigogi, kuma gudu sun yi gajeru don nazarin yanayi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^19 FLOPS kimanta kawai makonni a kan manyan injuna don wasu watannin kwaikwayo. Tun: 2008 Samfurin yanayi na icosahedral marar hydrostatic na Satoh da abokan aikinsa don kwaikwayon gajimare a duniya. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.006)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Fitar da jigilar ƙurar ma’adinai

Iska tana ɗaga ƙurar hamada, tana ɗaukarta ƙetaren teku tana ajiyewa, don gano tasirinta kan radiation, abincin teku da ingancin iska.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ƙurar hamada ke shiga iska kuma ina take tafiya?

Yana barin: Ƙofofin fitarwa suna dogara da kaddarorin ƙasa da fuska waɗanda ba a yi musu taswira da kyau ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai wani sashe na ƙura a cikin samfurin yanayi a kan shekaru. Tun: 1994 Samfurin Tegen da Fung na ƙurar ma’adinai a sararin sama: tushe, jigilar kaya da kauri na gani. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1029/94jd01928)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin daidaiton kuzarin saman birni

Ana ɗaukar tituna, rufi da bango a matsayin kwazazzabo mai musayar zafi, ɗanshi da motsi da iska, don hasashen tsibirin zafi na birni da buƙatun sanyaya gine-gine.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa birni ya fi karkara kewaye da shi zafi?

Yana barin: An rage birane zuwa kwazazzabai kamilai, don haka bayanan gini da zafin zirga-zirga an kimanta su.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai tsarin kwazazzabo a cikin samfurin yanayi a kan babban birni. Tun: 2000 Tsarin Masson na zahiri don kasafin kuzarin birni a samfuran yanayi. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1002463829265)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin thermosphere da ionosphere

Sama na yanayi a kilomita 100 zuwa 600, hasken rana da ɓarbashi ke dumama shi, da iska da wutar lantarki da ke canza jan tauraron ɗan adam da siginar rediyo.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya aikin Rana ke canza saman yanayi da yaɗuwar rediyo?

Yana barin: Ana sanya iyakar ƙasa da kuzari daga sama daga ƙarancin bayanai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon babban yanayi na sama da aka haɗa a kan kwanaki na yanayin sararin samaniya. Tun: 1988 Samfurin zagayen iska na gaba ɗaya na thermosphere/ionosphere da aka haɗa na Roble, Ridley, Richmond da Dickinson. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1029/gl015i012p01325)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

## Ruwa

### Zagayen teku

Kwararar ruwa, juyayyen ruwa, zafi da gishiri suna motsawa a tekunan duniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin manyan igiyoyin ruwa masu juyawa na Atlantic za su iya raguwa?

Yana barin: Ƙananan ruɗaɗɗun ruwa masu juyawa (eddies) da ke haɗa zafi da carbon galibi sun fi raga ƙanƙanta, don haka dole ne a ƙiyasta tasirinsu.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban gungun kwamfutoci, makonni don gudun shekaru da dama. Tun: 1969 Bryan's first computer model of the global ocean circulation.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Tsunami da ambaliyar guguwa

Raƙuman ruwa da girgizar ƙasa ko guguwa ke tayarwa, suna ƙetare teku suna hawa kan gaɓa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ruwan zai kai tsayi, kuma waɗanne tituna ne za su fara ambaliya?

Yana barin: Kariyar bakin teku da magudanar ruwa yawanci an sauƙaƙa su ƙasa da ƙudurin hawan ruwa kansa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki; mintuna don gudun gargaɗin bakin teku. Tun: 1969 Aida's early numerical experiments modelling a tsunami.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Koguna da ambaliya

Ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a yankin tattara ruwa, yana shiga ƙasa ko gudu zuwa rafuka, koguna da filayen ambaliya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya girman ambaliyar da wannan guguwa ke haifarwa, kuma a ina?

Yana barin: Ƙasa da amfani da ƙasa ana ƙididdige su a matsakaici a ko’ina cikin yankin ruwa, abin da ke ɓoye gonar ko ramin da ke ambaliya da gaske.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; gudun yankin kogi yana ɗaukar mintuna. Tun: 1966 Crawford and Linsley's Stanford Watershed rainfall-runoff model.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Motsin tsari](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-system-dynamics)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa

Ruwa yana motsawa a hankali ta ƙasa da dutse a cikin aquifers.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Har yaushe za mu iya zuƙo wannan aquifer kafin rijiyoyin su bushe?

Yana barin: Ana zana kaddarorin dutse da ƙasa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga ramukan da ke tazarar ɗaruruwan mita, don haka yawancin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa an kiyasta shi ne.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ko ta aiki; mintuna zuwa awanni a kowane aquifer. Tun: 1968 Samfurin farko na finite-difference na aquifer na Pinder da Bredehoeft.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Ƙanƙarar teku

Kankara mai iyo a saman teku, tana tsagewa, tana taruwa, tana tafiya tana narkewa ƙarƙashin iska, taguwa da ɗumi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa na Tekun Arctic zai kasance a rufe da ƙanƙara har yanzu a ƙarshen bazara?

Yana barin: Yana ɗaukar filin kankara mai tsagewa da tuddai a matsayin takarda mai santsi ɗaya mai ci gaba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a ko na ƙasa, makonni haɗe da gudun teku. Tun: 1969 samfuran kwamfuta na farko na kankarar Arctic mai tafiya.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Hasashen raƙuman teku

Iska tana busa kan buɗaɗɗen ruwa, tana samarwa da tuƙa raƙuman teku, ana bin ta don hasashen tsayi da alkiblar raƙuman ruwa ga jiragen ruwa da gaɓa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsananin teku zai kasance a nan gobe?

Yana barin: Yana yin rauni a kan kololuwan raƙuman ruwa masu tsayi da karyewa, waɗanda suka fi muhimmanci ga amincin teku.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na cibiyar hasashen ƙasa, ana gudanar da shi sau da yawa a rana. Tun: 1956 hasashen taguwar teku na lissafi na farko bayan hanyoyin hasashen swell na lokacin yaƙi.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin ambaliyar ruwa

Ruwa daga kogi ko guguwa yana yaɗuwa a fili na ambaliya a kan ragar ƙasa, don zana zurfi da faɗi don inshora da tsari.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne tituna da filaye ke nutsewa cikin ruwa a ambaliya?

Yana barin: Daidaiton ƙasa da hydrograph na shigowa ne ke mamaye kuskuren, ba lissafin ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfuran ruwa mara zurfi ko raster masu girma biyu na yankin kogi. Tun: 2000 Bates and De Roo's simple raster-based model for flood inundation simulation. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694%2800%2900278-x)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Atomatan salula](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-cellular-automata)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfurin kwararar bakin teku da bakin kogi

Tudun ruwan teku, koguna da iska suna motsa ruwa, gishiri da laka ta cikin mashigan teku da bakin kogi a kan raga mai bin ƙasa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ruwan teku da koguna ke haɗuwa a bakin teku?

Yana barin: Ƙananan kurakuran haɗawa da zurfin teku suna iyakance daidaito kusa da bakin teku.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfurin yanki mai girma uku da gudanarwa na tsawon shekara. Tun: 1987 Blumberg and Mellor's description of a three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1029/co004p0001)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Tarkacen teku da samfurin tafiyar Lagrangian

Ɓarbashi na kama-da-wane da magudanan teku na kwaikwayo ko na lura ke ɗauka don gano inda robobi masu iyo, mai ko tsutsotsi ke tafiya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina robobin da ke iyo daga bakin teku ke ƙarewa?

Yana barin: Windage, tafiyar raƙuman ruwa da nutsewa ko rabuwar ɓarbashi ba a sansu da kyau ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin ɓarbashi da aka ɗauka ta kwararar teku ta shekara guda. Tun: 2012 van Sebille, England da Froyland, tushe, motsi da juyin halittar tarin shara a teku daga masu shawagi na saman da aka lura. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044040)

[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon tafkin mai da iskar gas

Mai, iskar gas da ruwa suna kwarara ta ramukan tafkin dutse zuwa rijiyoyi, don tsara hakowa da hasashen nawa za a iya dawo da shi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa mai filin zai bayar, kuma ina ya kamata rijiyoyin su kasance?

Yana barin: Ana kimanta kaddarorin dutse tsakanin rijiyoyi daga ƙananan bayanai, don haka rashin tabbaci yawanci ya fi lissafi girma.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwararar matakai da yawa a samfurin ƙasa na miliyoyin ƙwayoyi. Tun: 1955 Warwarewar lissafi ta Peaceman da Rachford na ma’aunan bambanci na parabolic da elliptic, tushen na’urorin kwaikwayon tafki na farko. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1137/0103003)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Glacial isostatic adjustment da sawun yatsun matakin teku

Ɓawon Duniya na dawowa yayin da ƙanƙara ke narkewa da tekuna ke sake rarrabuwa, don hasashen canjin matakin teku na yanki da filin nauyi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa matakin teku ke faɗuwa a wasu wurare yayin da ƙanƙara ke narkewa kuma ya tashi a wasu?

Yana barin: Ba a ƙayyade danƙon mantle a ƙarƙashin faranti da kyau ba kuma yana bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfuran Duniya masu viscoelastic da aka warware a kan zagaye. Tun: 1976 Farrell and Clark's calculation of postglacial sea level. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1976.tb01252.x)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon ajiyar carbon dioxide na ƙasa

Carbon dioxide da aka shigar yana yaɗuwa, hawa da narkewa a cikin dutsen gishiri, tare da kamawa ta murfin dutse, capillarity da halayen sinadarai na ma’adinai da ake bi cikin ƙarnuka.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin iskar gas za ta zauna ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma ina take tafiya?

Yana barin: Dutsen da ke ƙasa da ramin an san shi ne daga wasu ƙalilan rijiyoyi da bincike, don haka ratsuwar ruwa da tsagun ƙasa ana zato su da rashin tabbaci mai faɗi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai makonni a gungu don samfurin matakin yankin ruwa tsawon dubban shekaru. Tun: 2002 Kwatanta lambobin lissafi na Lawrence Berkeley don zubar da CO2 a ƙasa. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.2172/813566)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Jigilar abu mai halayen sinadarai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa

Ruwa yana ɗaukar sinadarai ta dutse ko ƙasa yayin da ma’adinai ke narkewa, kwanciya da musanya ions, ana warware shi tare da kwararar.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sinadarai da bututun ruwa na aquifer ko wurin ajiya ke canza juna cikin lokaci?

Yana barin: Ana amfani da adadin halayen sinadarai da aka auna a dakin gwaji ga dutsen da ba a san faɗin saman sa mai martani a ƙasa ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki a gungun kwamfutoci don wurin gwaji mai girma uku. Tun: 1985 Samfurin continuum na Lichtner don halayen sinadarai masu haɗe da jigilar abu a tsarin hydrothermal. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037%2885%2990172-3)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

## Ƙasa mai ƙarfi da shimfidar ƙasa

### Mantle convection da tectonics na faranti

Dutse mai zafi yana motsawa a hankali a cikin duniya na tsawon ɗaruruwan miliyoyin shekaru, yana ɗaukar faranti da ke samansa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa Duniya ke da plate tectonics alhali maƙwabtanta ba su da?

Yana barin: Yana gudanar da miliyoyin shekarun kwaikwayo lokaci guda, don haka ba zai iya nuna girgizar ƙasa guda ɗaya ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^15 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, makonni don dogon gudu ɗaya. Tun: 1974 Samfurin farko na lissafi na mantle convection na McKenzie, Roberts da Weiss.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Girgizar ƙasa da taguwar seismic

Tsagar ƙasa tana fashewa da taguwar da take yaɗuwa ta ɓawon ƙasa don girgiza ƙasa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsananin girgizar da wannan birni zai yi idan wannan tsagar ƙasa ta karye?

Yana barin: Wurin fara fashewar da ainihin rashin laushin tsagar ƙasa har yanzu ana zaton su ne, ba a san su a gaba ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na ƙasa ko jami’a, kwanaki don babban fashewar tsagar ƙasa. Tun: 1968 Alterman and Karal's early finite-difference model of seismic waves.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Fashewar dutsen wuta da kwararar lava

Magma yana tashi, fashewa da gangarowa a matsayin lava, toka ko gajimare masu zafi masu sauri.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne ƙauyuka ke cikin hanya idan dutsen wuta ya fashe?

Yana barin: Ba zai iya hasashen lokacin da fashewar dutse take farawa ba, sai abin da yake faruwa da zarar ta riga ta fara.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane yanayi. Tun: 1980 samfuran kwamfuta na farko na lava yana kwararowa ƙasa daga rami.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Atomatan salula](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-cellular-automata)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Juyin yanayin ƙasa

Koguna suna yanke kwari, gangare suna motsawa a hankali kuma gaɓoɓin teku suna zaizayewa cikin dubban zuwa miliyoyin shekaru.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan yanayin ƙasa ya samu siffarsa?

Yana barin: Yana matse miliyoyin shekaru cikin gudu ɗaya, don haka kowace guguwa ko faɗuwar dutse ɗaya tana shafewa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki; kwanaki don yanayin ƙasa na tsawon shekaru miliyan ɗaya. Tun: 1991 Samfurin farko na juyin halittar ƙasa da aka lissafa na Willgoose da abokan aiki.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Atomatan salula](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-cellular-automata)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Yaɗuwar gobarar daji

Wuta tana motsawa a kan mai, ƙasa da iska, ɗaki bayan ɗaki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina gabar wuta za ta kasance bayan awa shida?

Yana barin: Iska, babban mai tuƙa halin ainihin wuta, yawanci ana sauƙaƙa ta zuwa matsakaici tsayayye.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; mintuna don gaban wuta mai yaɗuwa. Tun: 1972 Ma’aunan yaɗuwar gobara na Rothermel, da aka mayar da su na kwamfuta ba da daɗewa ba don hasashe.

[Gudanar da samfurin mai mu’amala](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/run#toy-forestfire)

[Atomatan salula](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-cellular-automata)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Zaftarewar ƙasa da kwararar tarkace

Gangaren ƙasa, dutse ko laka yana rushewa yana motsawa ƙasa, ana bin yadda yake ƙara gudu, bazuwa da binne ƙasar da ke ƙasa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya nisa wannan gangara za ta yi tafiya idan ta faɗi, kuma yaya sauri?

Yana barin: Lokacin da gangara ke faɗuwa da gaske har yanzu yana da wuyar hasashe fiye da abin da ke faruwa bayan ta faɗi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^13 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane yanayin gangare. Tun: 1980 samfuran runout na kwamfuta na farko na gangare mai rushewa.

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Haɗarin girgizar ƙasa na tushen fiziks

Kwaikwayon fashewar girgizar ƙasa da yaɗuwar taguwa suna maye gurbin ƙa’idodin attenuation na aunawa don ba da girgiza a kowane wuri.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙarfin ƙasa za ta girgiza a nan ga kowane tsagewa mai yiwuwa?

Yana barin: Yana buƙatar samfurin gudu da aka sani, kuma mitoci masu girma suna da wuyar warwarewa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^18 FLOPS kimanta kawai Yanayin tsagewar ƙasa da yawa, kowanne kwaikwayon raƙuman girgiza na 3D Tun: 2010 CyberShake: a physics-based seismic hazard model for Southern California (2010) [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0161-6)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon geodynamo

Convection na ƙarfe mai ruwa a tsakiyar Duniya yana samarwa da kiyaye filin maganaɗisu, har da juyawarsa ta bazuwar.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsakiyar Duniya ke samar da filin maganaɗisunta, kuma me ya sa yake canza alkibla?

Yana barin: Ƙimar danko da watsawa sun yi nisa da na gaske, don haka kwararar ta fi santsi fiye da cikin Duniya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^18 FLOPS kimanta kawai watanni a kan babbar kwamfuta don dynamo da har yanzu yana gudana nesa da yanayin irin na Duniya. Tun: 1995 Glatzmaier and Roberts's three-dimensional self-consistent simulation of a geomagnetic field reversal. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/377203a0)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Full-waveform seismic inversion

Ana gudanar da raƙuman girgizar ƙasa akai-akai ta samfurin Duniya na gwaji, wanda ake daidaitawa har sai raƙuman roba da na rikodi sun yi daidai, don zana tsarin dutse.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya dutsen da ke ƙarƙashinmu yake kama, kamar yadda raƙuman girgizar ƙasa da suka ƙetare shi suka gani?

Yana barin: Juyawar na iya kulle kan amsoshi marasa daidai sai samfurin farawa ya kasance kusa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai dubban kwaikwayon raƙuman ruwa cikin zagayen inganta. Tun: 1984 Juyawar bayanan billowar girgizar ƙasa na Tarantola a ƙiyasin sauti. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1441754)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Yaɗuwar raƙuman girgizar ƙasa ta abubuwan bakan

Taguwar girgizar ƙasa tana yaɗuwa ta samfurin ɓawon ƙasa ko duk Duniya mai girma uku da abubuwa masu daraja ta sama da suke bin siffar ƙasa da yadudduka.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya raƙuman girgiza ke tafiya ta ainihin Duniya, wadda ba ta da daidaito a ciki?

Yana barin: Samfuran Duniya ba tabbatattu ba ne a ƙananan tsari da attenuation, don haka gajerun zagayen taguwa ba su da aminci sosai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^17 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar dukan Duniya da ke warware lokutan ‘yan daƙiƙoƙi. Tun: 1998 Hanyar spectral element ta Komatitsch da Vilotte don martanin girgizar ƙasa na tsare-tsare masu girma biyu da uku. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020368)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Kwaikwayon zagayen girgizar ƙasa

Tsagar ƙasa da motsin faranti ke ɗora mata nauyi a hankali, mai gogayya da ke mannewa da zamewa, an kwaikwaya ta zagaye da yawa na tarawa a natsuwa da fashewa kwatsam.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya girgizar ƙasa ke maimaituwa a kan tsagar ƙasa cikin ƙarnuka?

Yana barin: Ƙa’idar gogayya an samo ta ne daga dakin gwaji kuma an tsawaita ta zuwa zurfi da gudu da ba a taɓa aunawa ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai zagayen tsagar ƙasa na rate-and-state a tsawon dubban shekaru. Tun: 1986 Tse da Rice, rashin kwanciyar hankali na girgizar ɓawon ƙasa dangane da bambancin zurfin kaddarorin zamewar gogayya. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1029/jb091ib09p09452)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfuran tarin girgizar ƙasa na bazuwar

Jerin girgizar ƙasa na wucin gadi da aka samar daga samfurin ƙididdiga inda kowace girgiza ke ƙara yiwuwar girgizar bayanta, don hasashen taruwa da haɗari.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya yiwuwar girgizar ƙasa ta biyo baya bayan babbar girgizar ƙasa?

Yana barin: Samfurin yana kama taruwar ƙididdiga amma ba shi da fiziks na matsin tsagar ƙasa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^6 FLOPS kimanta kawai tarin bazuwar suna buƙatar ɗan lissafi kaɗan, kuma dogon ensemble yana gudana a kwamfutar aiki. Tun: 1988 Ogata’s statistical models for earthquake occurrences and residual analysis for point processes. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478560)

[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Monte Carlo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-monte-carlo)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi

### Samfurin saman ƙasa

Musayar ruwa, zafi da carbon dioxide tsakanin ƙasa, tsirrai da iska, an rubuta a matsayin sashen sama don samfuran yanayin sama da sauyin yanayi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya shuke-shuke da ƙasa ke sarrafa zafi da ruwan da ke motsawa tsakanin ƙasa da iska?

Yana barin: Ana kwatanta ciyayi da ƙalilan sigogi ga kowace ƙwaya, kuma motsin ruwa a ƙasa an sauƙaƙa shi sosai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^12 FLOPS kimanta kawai ginshiƙi mai girma ɗaya ga kowane ɗakin grid a cikin samfuran yanayi. Tun: 1986 Samfurin simple biosphere na Sellers, Mintz, Sud da Dalcher don amfani a samfuran zagayen iska na gaba ɗaya. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469%281986%29043<0505:asbmfu>2.0.co;2)

[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)ƙasan abu: Filaye

### Samfuran wuta da yanayi da aka haɗa

Ana warware gaban wuta da iskar da take ƙirƙira tare, don zafin wuta ya jawo iska, ya canza kwarara kuma ya canza yadda wutar take yaɗuwa da jefa garwashi da hayaƙi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya gobara ke sake fasalin iskar da ke tuƙa ta?

Yana barin: Konewa da mai ana wakiltar su da ƙa’idodin ƙima masu sauƙi, don haka matsananciyar hali kamar gobarar saman bishiya da tsallen garwashi kimantawa ne kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10^14 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki a gungun kwamfutoci don babbar gobara ɗaya a ƙudurin mita goma-goma. Tun: 1996 Clark, Jenkins and Coen's coupled atmosphere-fire model of fire-line dynamics. [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450%281996%29035%3C0875:ACAMCF%3E2.0.CO;2)

[Filayen ci gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-continuum)[Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Filaye

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