--- title: "Hankula a matsayin masu kwaikwayo · Kwaikwayo · Hasashen Kwaikwayo" url: https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/mind-simulations description: "Kwaikwayon da kwakwalwa ke yi: mafarki, tunani, yin samfurin sauran hankula, wasa, da yin samfurin jiki da duniya." license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ credit: "Ross Allan Dahl, Hasashen Kwaikwayo (simulation-hypothesis.com)" --- [Kwaikwayo](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations)fanni 13 na 18 # Hankula a matsayin masu kwaikwayo Kwaikwayon da kwakwalwa ke gudanarwa: mafarki, tunani, yin samfurin wasu hankula, wasa, da gina samfuran jiki da duniya. Ra’ayoyi da yawa a ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da neuroscience sun ce kwakwalwa ba ta yin rijistar duniya kawai ba. Tana kwaikwayonta. Mafarki yana sake kunnawa da haɗa abubuwan da suka faru a rana, kuma babu ɗaya daga cikinsu na gaske. Yin atisayen motsi kafin yinsa, gano abin da wani yake tunani, da yaro yana ciyar da abin wasa abincin dare duk suna yin abu ɗaya. Kowanne yana gudanar da samfuri gaba kuma yana karanta sakamakon kafin aiki, ko maimakon aiki. Ra’ayoyin hasashe sun wuce haka. Suna siffanta ganewa, ƙwaƙwalwa da tunanin zamantakewa a matsayin kwaikwayo: kullum suna hasashen abin da zai biyo baya da gyara abin da ya iso. Ra’ayoyin enactive da ecological sun ƙi wannan hoton na ganewa. Wannan sashe yana rufe kwaikwayon da aka rubuta a mutane da sauran dabbobi, ba kwamfutocin da aka gina don kwaikwayonsu ba. ## Barci da mafarki ### Mafarkin REM Mafarkai masu haske da labari na barcin rapid-eye-movement, an gina su daga gutsuttsuran ƙwaƙwalwa da ji da ƙaramin sarrafawa na sani. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me kwakwalwar mai barci ke ginawa da zarar an yanke ta daga hankula? Yana barin: Daidaiton zahiri: tashi sama, matattun dangi da ɗakunan da ke sake shiryawa kansu duk suna wucewa ba tare da ƙorafi ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam mai bacci; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1953 Aserinsky and Kleitman's discovery of REM sleep A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Mafarki](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=w-dreams) Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Mafarki mai sani Sanin cewa kana mafarki yayin da mafarkin ke ci gaba, wani lokaci tare da isasshen iko da ya rage don jagorantar abin da zai faru na gaba. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai mafarki zai iya gane, daga ciki, cewa mafarki ne? Yana barin: Farkawa, wadda yawanci take katse al’amarin daidai lokacin da yake fara zama mai jan hankali. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam mai bacci; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1913 Frederik van Eeden coined the term from his dream diaries Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Replay na hippocampus a cikin beraye Jerin harbin ƙwayoyin wuri da aka yi rikodi yayin da bera ke gudu a maze, sannan a sake kunna shi a tsari ɗaya yayin hutu da barci. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin kwakwalwa tana sake gudanar da hanyar da ta riga ta bi? Yana barin: Duk wani abu da dabbar ba ta fuskanta yanzu ba: sake kunnawa kawai yana maimaita abin da ya wuce kwanan nan. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar bera; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1994 Rahoton Wilson da McNaughton na sake aikin hippocampal yayin barci A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Sake kunnawa a hippocampus](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=min-replay) [Samfuran raga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-network)ƙasan abu: Ƙwayoyin halitta ### Ka’idar kwaikwayon barazana ta mafarki Ra’ayin cewa mafarkai suna wanzuwa don atisayen haɗuwa masu haɗari, an gwada ta ƙirga abubuwan barazana a mafarkai da yawa da aka rubuta. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mafarkai suna horar da kwakwalwa don magance barazanar da ba ta haɗu da su ba tukuna? Yana barin: Bayyana dalilin da ya sa mafarkai da yawa ke kan ƙananan gazawa, kamar rasa mota, maimakon barazana. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam mai bacci; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 2000 Antti Revonsuo's threat-simulation theory of dreaming Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Ƙarfafa ƙwaƙwalwa da ke dogara da barci Ƙwarewa da gaskiya da aka koya kafin barci, aka sake gwada su daga baya don ganin abin da kwakwalwa ta sarrafa kuma ta ƙarfafa cikin dare. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me kwakwalwa ke atisaye da ƙarfafawa yayin da jiki ba shi da sani? Yana barin: Ba ya faɗin waɗanne abubuwan tunawa ake zaɓa, ko me ya sa waɗannan ba wasu ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam mai bacci; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1924 Nazarin Jenkins da Dallenbach na riƙon kalmomin banza Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Hotunan kafin barci Hotuna masu haske, gutsutsuru na hange da ke bayyana yayin da kwakwalwa ke rabuwa da hankula yayin faɗawa barci. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me kwakwalwa ke samarwa lokacin da shigowar duniya ke dushewa amma sani bai kashe ba tukuna? Yana barin: Tsarin labari: hotunan kafin barci ba kasafai suke haɗuwa su zama labari ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam mai bacci; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1848 Alfred Maury's description of hypnagogic hallucinations Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Preplay na hippocampus Ƙwayoyin wuri suna harba a jere don wuraren da ba a taɓa ziyarta ba, kamar kwakwalwa tana atisayen hanyoyi tun da farko. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin kwakwalwa tana kwaikwayon tafiye-tafiye kafin ta yi su? Yana barin: Aikin da ya biyo baya yana tambayar yawan preplay da hasashe ne da gaske. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 2011 Zuwa 2011, Dragoi and Tonegawa, Preplay of future place cell sequences [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09633) [Samfuran raga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-network)ƙasan abu: Ƙwayoyin halitta ## Tunani da tsarawa ### Atisayen tunani a ’yan wasa ’Yan wasa suna gudanar da tsari ko harbi a kansu, suna kunna yawancin da’irar motsi iri ɗaya da yin sa na gaske. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin yin atisayen motsi a tunani kaɗai zai iya inganta aikin na gaske? Yana barin: Gajiya, damuwa da hatsarin gazawa na gaske. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan wasa; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1932 Edmund Jacobson recorded muscle activity during imagined movement Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Tunanin nan gaba na episodic Gina cikakken yanayi na kai na takamaiman abin da zai faru a gaba, ta amfani da yawancin tsarin da ake amfani da shi don tunawa da abin da ya wuce. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wani lokaci na gaba zai kasance, dalla-dalla isa a tsara masa? Yana barin: Daidaito: makomar da ake tunani a zuci tana aro sosai daga ƙwaƙwalwa, kuma sau da yawa tana kuskure a cikakkun bayanai. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 2001 Atance and O'Neill named episodic future thinking Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Tunanin counterfactual Sake kunna wani al’amari da ya wuce da cikakken bayani ɗaya da aka canza, don ganin yadda abubuwa za su bambanta. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me da ya faru da a ce wakilin ya yi aiki dabam? Yana barin: Gudanar da ainihin madadin, ko da sau ɗaya, don tabbatar da amsar. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1982 Takardar Kahneman da Tversky kan heuristic na kwaikwayo Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Juyawar tunani Juyawa abu mai girma uku na tunani a idon tunani don yanke shawarar ko ya dace da wani ra’ayi na siffa ɗaya. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wannan abu ɗaya ne, aka gani daga wata kusurwa dabam? Yana barin: Abin kansa gaba ɗaya: babu wani abu na zahiri da ke juyawa da gaske. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1971 Gwajin juyawar tunani na Shepard da Metzler Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Kewaya a tunani Tunanin hanya ta wurin da aka sani kafin tafiya ko tuƙa ta, ta amfani da taswirar sarari ɗaya da kwakwalwa ke riƙewa don ainihin kewayawa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace hanya ce ke kaiwa wurin zuwa, kafin a yi wani motsi? Yana barin: Cunkoson ababen hawa, yanayi da duk wani canji a wurin tun ziyarar ƙarshe. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1948 Nazarin taswirar fahimta na Tolman a beraye da maza Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Yawo da hankali da mafarkin rana Jerin tunani na kai-da-kai game da mutane, wurare da abubuwan da ba na gaske ba, yana gudana a duk lokacin da ba a buƙatar hankali a wani wuri. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me kwakwalwa ke kwaikwayo lokacin da ba ta da wani abin yi? Yana barin: Tsayawa kan batun. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam mara aiki; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1966 Binciken tsari na Singer na mafarkin rana Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Constructive episodic simulation Tunawa sake gina abubuwan da suka wuce ne daga kayan da aka adana, tsarin da ke tunanin abin da zai iya faruwa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Tunawa da abin da ya wuce aiki ɗaya ne da tunanin nan gaba? Yana barin: Hasashe ne game da ƙwaƙwalwa, ba hanyar aiki mai sigogi ba. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 2007 Bayanin Schacter da Addis na tunawa da tunani a matsayin tsari ɗaya mai ginawa [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2087) A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Tunanin gaba](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=min-episodic) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Tunanin motsi Tunanin motsi ba tare da yin shi ba, wanda ke amfani da mafi yawan irin tsarin jijiyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen yinsa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tunanin motsi yana gudanar da shirin motsi na kwakwalwa? Yana barin: Hotunan tunani na iya zama marasa haske ko ba su nan, kuma lokacinsu ya bambanta tsakanin mutane. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 1994 Zuwa 1994, Jeannerod, The representing brain: neural correlates of motor intention and imagery [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00034026) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Hoton tunani na gani Hotuna a idon tunani da za a iya dubawa, kusantar da bincika, tare da ƙoƙari yana ƙaruwa da nisa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Hoton tunani yana kama da hoto da za a iya duba shi? Yana barin: Ko hotuna na zane ne ko na kwatance har yanzu ana jayayya. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 1973 Zuwa 1973, Kosslyn, Scanning visual images: some structural implications [tushe](https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03198621) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Hasashen tasirin motsin rai Mutane suna kwaikwayon yadda za su ji a al’amari na gaba kuma suna kuskuren hasashen tsananinsa da tsawonsa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya mutane ke iya hasashen yadda za su ji a nan gaba? Yana barin: Hasashen na ‘yan ji ne, ba cikakkiyar rayuwa ba. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 1998 Zuwa 1998, Gilbert and others, Immune neglect [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.617) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Samfuran tunani na hankali Hankali yana riƙe da ƙaramin samfurin yadda abubuwa ke aiki kuma yana amfani da shi don gwada ayyuka kafin ɗaukar su. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tunani yana aiki ta gudanar da ƙaramin samfurin duniya? Yana barin: Craik ya ba da tunani, ba ka’ida da za a iya gwadawa ta yadda ake gina samfura ba. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 1943 Zuwa 1943, Craik, The Nature of Explanation [tushe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%5FCraik) A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Samfurin Craik a cikin kai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=min-craik) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)[Analog na jiki](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-analogue)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Gwaji da kuskure na wakilci Bera yana tsayawa a wurin zaɓi yana kallon zaɓuka baya da gaba kamar yana gwada kowanne bi da bi. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin bera yana tunani ta ɗiban sakamakon hanyoyi? Yana barin: Hali yana nuna tunani, amma ba abin da yake cikin tunanin dabbar ba. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 1938 Zuwa 1938, Tolman, The determiners of behavior at a choice point [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062733) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Tsara nan gaba a dabbobi Tsuntsu yana ɓoye abinci a wurin da yake tsammanin zai ji yunwa, yana aiki bisa buƙatar nan gaba da ya yi kwaikwayonta. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin dabba za ta iya tsara don buƙatar da ba ta ji yanzu ba? Yana barin: Ƙa’idodin koyo masu sauƙi na iya bayyana wasu daga cikin waɗannan sakamako. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 2007 Zuwa 2007, Raby and others, Planning for the future by western scrub-jays [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05575) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ## Sauran hankula ### Hasashen hankalin wani Yin samfurin abin da wani ya sani, yake so ko yake gaskatawa, har da lokutan da hakan ya bambanta da abin da gaskiya ne. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me wannan wani mutum yake tunanin yana faruwa? Yana barin: Gwada samfurin kai tsaye da abin da suke tunani da gaske, ko da sau ɗaya. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1978 Premack da Woodruff sun ƙirƙiri ka’idar hankali Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Tausayi a matsayin ka’idar kwaikwayo Jin wani abu na yanayin wani ta gudanar da nau’in yanayinsa ta tsarin motsin rai da jikin mutum. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me mai kallo zai ji a matsayin wani? Yana barin: Bambancin kai da wani, inda tausayi ya fi yawan kasawa. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1986 Gordon's simulation theory of folk psychology A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Kwaikwayon sauran hankula](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=soc-gordon) Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Tsarin madubi Jijiyoyin da ke harba lokacin da ake yin aiki da lokacin da ake kallon wani yana yinsa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin fahimtar aikin wani zai iya zama kwaikwayonsa a tsarin motsin kai? Yana barin: Bayyana fahimtar da ba ta da aiki da ya dace da ita, kamar kallon kifi yana ninƙaya. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar macaque; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1992 Di Pellegrino, Fadiga and colleagues report mirror neurons Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Samfuran raga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-network)ƙasan abu: Ƙwayoyin halitta ### Tsara ga masu kallo Hasashen abin da mai saurare ya riga ya sani da yake buƙatar bayani, kafin zaɓar yadda za a faɗi wani abu. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me dole mai magana ya kwaikwayo a madadin mai saurare? Yana barin: Tambayar mai saurare kai tsaye. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1987 Isaacs da Clark kan nassoshi tsakanin ƙwararru da masu farawa Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Ɗaukar ra’ayin gani Gano abin da wani mutum zai iya gani daga inda yake tsaye, ta hanyar motsawa a hankali zuwa ra’ayinsa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wurin yake kama daga matsayin wani maimakon na mai kallo? Yana barin: Matakin a ƙananan yara masu fara tafiya, waɗanda ke zaton kowa yana ganin abin da suke gani. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1948 Aikin tsaunuka uku na Piaget da Inhelder Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Kulawa tare Bin kallon wani ko nuninsa don gano abin da yake kallo, sannan a duba baya don tabbatar da abin da aka nufa na tarayya ne. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke jan hankalinsu a yanzu? Yana barin: Tunanin da ke ƙasa, yana bin diddigin abin da aka yi nufin kawai. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar jariri; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1975 Scaife da Bruner kan kulawa ta gani tare a jarirai Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Almara a matsayin kwaikwayon zamantakewa Karanta labaru yana gudanar da samfurin rayuwar zamantakewa, yana ƙarfafa fahimtar mai karatu ga hankulan wasu mutane. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin almara tana horar da hankali don kwaikwayon sauran mutane? Yana barin: Shaida ga ci gaba mai ɗorewa a ƙwarewar zamantakewa gauraye ce. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 2008 Zuwa 2008, Mar and Oatley, The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ## Wasa da kwaikwayo ### Wasan kamar-kamar na yara Yaro yana ɗaukar ayaba a matsayin waya, ko kofi mara komai a matsayin cike da shayi, yana gudanar da wani layi na ma’ana da ya ƙirƙira a kan abubuwa na gaske. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me zai faru idan wannan abu ya kasance wani abu daban? Yana barin: Duk wani ƙin yarda idan layin kwaikwayo ya saɓa da na gaske. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar yaro; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1945 Binciken Piaget na wasan alama a yara A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Wasan yara na kwaikwayon rayuwa](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=w-pretend) Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Wasan dabbobi a matsayin atisaye Matasan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna kokawa, bi da kuma farauta ba tare da sakamako ba, suna amfani da motsi da aka ɗauko daga ainihin farauta da faɗa. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wasa mara lahani yana atisayen ƙwarewar da dabbar za ta buƙaci a gaske daga baya? Yana barin: Tantance ko wasa kawai yana da lada a cikin kansa. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar matashin dabba mai shayarwa; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1898 Ka’idar Groos ta horo ta wasan dabbobi [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Abokan tunani Hali mai suna, wanda aka ƙirƙira, mai dorewa wanda yaro yake magana da shi yana ciniki da shi tsawon makonni ko shekaru. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wani hankali daban da aka ƙirƙira gaba ɗaya zai iya zama da amfani wajen tunani da shi? Yana barin: Ci gaba: ga yawancin yara abokin na dushewa kusan shekara bakwai. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar yaro; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1934 Binciken farko na Svendsen game da abokan hasashe na yara Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Wasan kwaikwayon zamantakewa Ƙungiyoyin yara suna yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da ƙirƙirar matsayi da al’amura, suna tattaunawa kan ƙa’idojin duniyar kwaikwayon yayin da suke tafiya. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tunani da yawa daban za su iya gudanar da yanayi ɗaya da aka kwaikwaya tare? Yana barin: Dorewar ɗabi’ar halin da ake kwaikwaya na dogon lokaci. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar yara da dama; kimantawa irin ta Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1933 Laccar Vygotsky kan wasa da ci gaban yara Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)[Na wakilai](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-agent-based)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Paracosms Duniyar da aka ƙirƙira mai rikitarwa, da yanayin ƙasa, tarihi da ƙa’idoji nata, da ake ginawa a kiyaye ta a tunani tsawon watanni ko shekaru. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa daidaito na ciki duniyar ƙirƙira za ta iya ɗauka? Yana barin: Duk wata buƙata cewa wasu su raba imanin. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar yaro ko babba; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1826 Glass Town na yaran Brontë, daga 1826; binciken Silvey na paracosm na yarinta ya biyo baya a 1976 [tushe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%5FTown) A bishiyar kwaikwayo: [Glass Town](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/trees/simulations?n=w-bronte) Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Wasan abubuwa a primates Birai na daji suna ɗauka da riƙe sanda yadda za su riƙe jariri, bayan shekarun wasa na yau da kullum sosai. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wasa zai iya tsayawa a madadin ƙwarewar da dabba ba ta sami damar yin atisaye ba tukuna? Yana barin: Sanin ko biri yana yin riya ta kowace ma’ana irin ta mutum. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar tsimpanzi; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 2010 Kahlenberg da Wrangham kan ɗaukar sanda a chimpanzees na daji [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ## Samfurin duniyar kwakwalwa ### Hasashen sarrafawa (predictive processing) Kwakwalwa tana samar da hasashe mai gudana na abin da take ji, tana sabuntawa ne kawai idan bai dace da abin da ke isowa ba. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya duniya take kama yanzu, kafin hankula su ba da rahotonta ma? Yana barin: Bayyana daga ina hasashen mafi farko ya fito. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1999 Samfurin predictive coding na Rao da Ballard na cortex na gani Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Samfuran gaba na motsin jiki (motor) Kwafin umarnin motsi da aka gudanar gaba don hasashen sakamakon da zai ji, a shirye kafin ainihin martani ya iso. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan motsi zai ji kuma ya yi kama, kafin ya ƙare? Yana barin: Ainihin motsin, wanda a wasu lokuta ba ya zo daidai da hasashen. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1995 Takardar samfurin ciki ta Wolpert, Ghahramani da Jordan Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Lissafin differential](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-equations)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Taswirar jiki a cikin kwakwalwa Samfurin da yake gudana na inda sassan jiki suke da girmansu, wanda taɓawa, gani da motsi suke sabuntawa, kuma za a iya yaudara, kamar a rubber-hand illusion. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina sassan jiki suke, kuma ina jiki ya ƙare? Yana barin: Kuskure bayyananne da ake yawan samu, abin da ke sa ruɗani ya zama mai ban mamaki idan ya faru. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1911 Head da Holmes sun gabatar da tsarin siffar jiki a cikin kwakwalwa Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Ruɗi a matsayin hasashe mara sarrafawa Ganewa da daidaito ya karkata da yawa zuwa hasashe maimakon shaidar da ke shigowa, don haka ana jin samfurin kamar shi ne duniya. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke faruwa da hange idan shaida ta daina gyara hasashe? Yana barin: Bayyana kowane irin ruɗani na gani ko ji daidai wa daida. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 2009 Fletcher and Frith's Bayesian account of hallucination Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Cika makauniyar tabo ta ido Tsarin gani yana samar da abun da ya dace ga ƙaramin makafin wuri a fagen kallon kowane ido, an daidaita shi da tsarin da ke kewaye. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya fi yiwuwa a wurin da ido ba ya gani? Yana barin: Duk wani tabbatarwa na abin da aka yi zaton ya kasance, tunda babu abin da ya bayyana ya ɓace. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 1992 Binciken Ramachandran na cika tabon makanta Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Ƙa’idodi ### Ji daga cikin jiki Hasashen da yake gudana na yanayin cikin jiki, bugun zuciya, numfashi, yunwa da hanji, ana duba shi da ainihin sigina da ke isowa daga ciki. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene yanayin ciki na jiki a yanzu? Yana barin: Isa ga sani: yawancin mutane ba kasafai suke iya ba da rahoto a kai ba. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^16 FLOPS zato kawai kwakwalwar ɗan Adam; kiyasi irin na Sandberg da Bostrom An rubuta tun: 2013 Bayanin hasashe na Seth na interoceptive inference Samfura: [Ɗan Adam](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/entities/human) [Masu kwaikwayo da aka koya](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-learned)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Tunani a matsayin aiki na kwaikwayo Tunani ɓoyayyen aiki da hange ne: kwakwalwa tana gudanar da tsarin motsinta da na jin kanta ba tare da waje ba don atisayen sakamako. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Tunanin sani shine kwakwalwa tana yi wa halinta da ganinta kwaikwayo? Yana barin: Bayanai masu hamayya da juna suna bayyana sakamako iri ɗaya da alamomi. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 2002 Zuwa 2002, Hesslow, Conscious thought as simulation of behaviour and perception [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613%2802%2901913-7) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)[Analog na jiki](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-analogue)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Fahimta mai tushe a jiki Ra’ayoyi sake kunna yanayin ji da motsi ne da aka adana daga gogewa, ba alamomi na abstract ba. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin fahimtar ra’ayi yana sake gudanar da ƙwarewarsa? Yana barin: Ra’ayoyin da ba na zahiri ba suna da wuyar bayyanawa ta sake kwaikwayon ji. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 1999 Zuwa 1999, Barsalou, Perceptual symbol systems [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99002149) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Samfurin kai na ƙwarewar ji Jin kasancewa kai samfuri ne da kwakwalwa ke ginawa na jikinta da yanayinta kuma ba za ta iya ganinsa a matsayin samfuri ba. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Kai kwaikwayo ne da kwakwalwa ba ta gane cewa kwaikwayo ne ba? Yana barin: Tsarin falsafa ne, ba hanyar aiki da aka gwada a gwaji ba. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 2003 Zuwa 2003, Metzinger, Being No One [tushe](https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/1551.001.0001) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Ruɗin mallakar jiki Goge ɓoyayyen hannu da hannun roba da ake gani tare yana sa hannun roba ya ji kamar na mutum. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya kwakwalwa ke yanke shawarar wane jiki naka ne? Yana barin: Ƙarfin ruɗani yana bambanta sosai tsakanin mutane. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 1998 Zuwa 1998, Botvinick and Cohen, the rubber hand illusion [tushe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber%5Fhand%5Fillusion) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Kwaikwayon harshe mai jiki Fahimtar jimla ya haɗa da kwaikwayon abin da take bayyanawa a hankali, har da siffofi da alkibla. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin masu karatu suna gina yanayi na tunani yayin karatu? Yana barin: Wasu maimaitawar suna nuna tasiri mai rauni. Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. kwakwalwa, ba a ƙirga lissafi ba An rubuta tun: 2001 Zuwa 2001, Stanfield and Zwaan, implied orientation and picture recognition [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00326) [Ƙa’idodi da yanayi](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-rules)ƙasan abu: Jikuna ### Injin fiziks na hankali Kwakwalwa tana hasashen yadda abubuwa za su faɗi, yin karo da taruwa ta hanyar gudanar da kwaikwayon fiziks na ƙiyasi a kai. Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hukunta hasumiyar da take faɗuwa yana amfani da kwaikwayon fiziks na ciki? Yana barin: Samfurin ya dace da wasu hukunce-hukunce, kuma ya kasa a wasu. Yana gudana a: kusan 10^9 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, daƙiƙu a kowane hukunci An rubuta tun: 2013 Zuwa 2013, Battaglia, Hamrick and Tenenbaum, Simulation as an engine of physical scene understanding [tushe](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306572110) [Ƙwayoyi da N-body](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-particles)[Tsarin stochastic](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-stochastic)[Ainihin lokaci](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/methods#m-real-time)ƙasan abu: Jikuna [◂ Lissafi da ƙididdiga](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/mathematics-computation)[Na’urorin horo ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/ha/simulations/training)