---
title: "Simulations by era · Simulation Hypothesis"
url: https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/eras
description: "When the first simulation of each kind ran, from orreries and war games to the present."
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
credit: "Ross Allan Dahl, Simulation Hypothesis (simulation-hypothesis.com)"
---

# Simulations by era · 941 simulations

When the first simulation of each kind ran, oldest first. Dates are the earliest well-documented case, not always the very first.

Expand all Collapse all 

era Always 45

The simulations that brains run: dreaming, imagining, pretending, modelling other minds. They predate every other entry here. The year given for each is when science first documented it.

REM dreaming Sleep and dreaming

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#rem-dreaming)

Lucid dreaming Sleep and dreaming

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#lucid-dreaming)

Hippocampal replay in rats Sleep and dreaming

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#hippocampal-replay)

Threat-simulation theory of dreams Sleep and dreaming

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#threat-simulation-theory)

Sleep-dependent memory consolidation Sleep and dreaming

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#memory-consolidation-sleep)

Hypnagogic imagery Sleep and dreaming

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#hypnagogic-imagery)

Hippocampal preplay Sleep and dreaming

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#hippocampal-preplay)

Mental rehearsal in athletes Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#mental-rehearsal-athletes)

Episodic future thinking Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#episodic-future-thinking)

Counterfactual thinking Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#counterfactual-thinking)

Mental rotation Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#mental-rotation)

Mental navigation Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#mental-navigation)

Mind-wandering and daydreaming Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#mind-wandering)

Constructive episodic simulation Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#constructive-episodic-simulation)

Motor imagery Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#motor-imagery)

Visual mental imagery Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#visual-mental-imagery)

Affective forecasting Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#affective-forecasting)

Mental models of reasoning Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#mental-models)

Vicarious trial and error Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#vicarious-trial-and-error)

Future planning in animals Imagination and planning

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#animal-future-planning)

Theory of mind Other minds

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#theory-of-mind)

Empathy as simulation theory Other minds

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#empathy-simulation-theory)

Mirror systems Other minds

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#mirror-systems)

Audience design Other minds

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#audience-design)

Visual perspective-taking Other minds

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#perspective-taking)

Joint attention Other minds

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#joint-attention)

Fiction as social simulation Other minds

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#fiction-as-social-simulation)

Children's pretend play Play and pretence

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#pretend-play-children)

Animal play as practice Play and pretence

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#animal-play-practice)

Imaginary companions Play and pretence

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#imaginary-companions)

Sociodramatic play Play and pretence

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#sociodramatic-play)

Paracosms Play and pretence

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#paracosms)

Object play in primates Play and pretence

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#primate-object-play)

Predictive processing The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#predictive-processing)

Motor forward models The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#motor-forward-models)

The body schema The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#body-schema)

Hallucination as uncontrolled prediction The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#hallucination-uncontrolled-prediction)

Blind-spot filling-in The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#blind-spot-filling-in)

Interoception The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#interoception)

Thought as simulated action The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#simulation-hypothesis-of-thought)

Grounded cognition The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#grounded-cognition)

The phenomenal self-model The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#phenomenal-self-model)

Body ownership illusions The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#body-ownership-illusions)

Embodied language simulation The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#embodied-language-simulation)

The intuitive physics engine The brain's world model

[Full entry in Minds as simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mind-simulations#intuitive-physics-engine)

era Before 1500 10

Models of the heavens, sand tables, rehearsal and play: simulation long before machines.

The Antikythera mechanism 150 BCE

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#antikythera-mechanism)

Terrestrial globe 150 BCE

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#terrestrial-globe)

Sand table 32

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#sand-table)

Automata 50

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#automata)

Military field exercises 100

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#field-exercises)

Armillary sphere 117

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#armillary-sphere)

Astrolabe 800

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#astrolabe)

Equatorium 1080

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#equatorium)

Astronomical clock 1092

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#astronomical-clock)

Mock trial 1400

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#mock-trial)

era 1500 to 1799 5

Clockwork, orreries and anatomical models.

Hanging-chain arch model 1675

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#hanging-chain-model)

Orrery 1704

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#orrery)

Obstetric phantom 1756

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#obstetric-phantom)

Buffon's needle 1777

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#buffon-needle)

Anatomical models 1780

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#anatomical-models)

era 1800 to 1899 10

War games, towing tanks and the first tide-predicting machines.

Professional war games 1812

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#professional-wargames)

Dress rehearsal 1828

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#dress-rehearsal)

Moulage 1867

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#moulage)

Physical scale models 1871

[Full entry in Engineering and technology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/engineering#scale-models)

Ship-model towing tank 1871

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#towing-tank)

Tide-predicting machine 1872

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#tide-predicting-machine)

Soap film minimal-surface models 1873

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#soap-film-models)

Galton board 1874

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#galton-board)

Mechanical harmonic analyser 1876

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#harmonic-analyser)

Hele-Shaw cell 1898

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#hele-shaw-cell)

era 1900 to 1939 22

Wind tunnels, differential analysers and flight trainers.

Structural scale model 1901

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#structural-scale-model)

Staff ride 1906

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#staff-ride)

Collective estimation and crowd wisdom 1907

[Full entry in Human behaviour and society ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/human-society#collective-estimation)

Motion platforms 1910

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#motion-platforms)

Analogue fire-control computer 1912

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#analogue-fire-control-computer)

Fire and evacuation drills 1912

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#fire-drills)

Historical war games 1913

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#historical-wargames)

Combat and campaign models 1916

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#combat-models)

Telecom traffic engineering 1917

[Full entry in Cities, infrastructure and operations ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/cities-operations#telecom-traffic-engineering)

Iron wire nerve model 1920

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#iron-wire-nerve-model)

Optical planetarium 1923

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#planetarium)

Predator–prey dynamics 1925

[Full entry in Ecology, evolution and animal behaviour ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/ecology-behaviour#predator-prey)

Electrical network analyser 1925

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#electrical-network-analyser)

Compartment epidemic models 1927

[Full entry in Life and medicine ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/life-medicine#compartment-epidemics)

Sentencing and recidivism risk modelling 1928

[Full entry in Human behaviour and society ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/human-society#recidivism-risk-modelling)

Dam and spillway model 1928

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#spillway-model)

Full-flight simulators 1929

[Full entry in Training simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/training#flight-simulators)

Mechanical differential analyser 1931

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#differential-analyser)

Architectural acoustic scale model 1934

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#acoustic-scale-model)

Harbour and estuary model 1935

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#harbour-model)

Pharmacokinetics 1937

[Full entry in Life and medicine ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/life-medicine#pharmacokinetics)

Deterrence and arms races 1939

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#deterrence-models)

era 1940s 9

The first electronic computers, and with them Monte Carlo methods.

Physical river basin model 1943

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#river-basin-model)

Ballistic gelatin blocks 1945

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#ballistic-gelatin)

Ballistics 1945

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#ballistics)

Monte Carlo estimation of constants 1946

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#monte-carlo-constants)

Reactor core physics 1948

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#reactor-core)

Bioheat transfer and hyperthermia 1948

[Full entry in Life and medicine ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/life-medicine#bioheat-transfer)

Cybernetic tortoises 1948

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#cybernetic-tortoises)

Hydraulic economy model 1949

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#hydraulic-economy-model)

Crash-test dummies 1949

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#crash-test-dummies)

era 1950s 47

Numerical weather prediction 1950

[Full entry in Earth and climate ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/earth-climate#weather-forecast)

Digits of pi by computer 1950

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#pi-digit-computation)

Invasive species spread 1951

[Full entry in Ecology, evolution and animal behaviour ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/ecology-behaviour#invasive-species-spread)

Computational number theory searches 1951

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#computational-number-theory)

Pattern formation 1952

[Full entry in Life and medicine ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/life-medicine#pattern-formation)

Detailed neuron models 1952

[Full entry in Minds, brains and artificial worlds ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/minds-computation#detailed-neurons)

Electronic structure 1953

[Full entry in Chemistry and materials ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/chemistry-materials#electronic-structure)

Magnetism and phase transitions 1953

[Full entry in Chemistry and materials ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/chemistry-materials#ising)

Digital evolution 1953

[Full entry in Minds, brains and artificial worlds ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/minds-computation#digital-evolution)

Riemann zeta zero computation 1953

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#riemann-zeta-zero-computation)

Emergency exercises 1954

[Full entry in Training simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/training#tabletop-exercises)

Vehicle and crew trainers 1954

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#crew-trainers)

Stellar evolution 1955

[Full entry in Astronomy and cosmology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/astronomy-cosmology#stellar-evolution)

Petroleum and gas reservoir simulation 1955

[Full entry in Earth and climate ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/earth-climate#petroleum-reservoir-simulation)

Combustion 1955

[Full entry in Chemistry and materials ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/chemistry-materials#combustion)

Chain-growth Monte Carlo for polymers 1955

[Full entry in Chemistry and materials ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/chemistry-materials#chain-growth-monte-carlo)

Sterile insect release models 1955

[Full entry in Agriculture and food ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/agriculture-food#sterile-insect-release-models)

Macroeconomic models 1955

[Full entry in Human behaviour and society ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/human-society#macroeconomic)

Traffic flow 1955

[Full entry in Cities, infrastructure and operations ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/cities-operations#traffic)

Random matrix experiments 1955

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#random-matrix-experiments)

Nonlinear lattice experiments 1955

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#nonlinear-lattice-dynamics)

Military logistics 1955

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#military-logistics)

Ocean wave forecasting 1956

[Full entry in Earth and climate ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/earth-climate#ocean-wave-forecasting)

Pore-network modelling 1956

[Full entry in Chemistry and materials ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/chemistry-materials#pore-network-modelling)

Structural analysis 1956

[Full entry in Engineering and technology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/engineering#structural-analysis)

Power grids 1956

[Full entry in Cities, infrastructure and operations ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/cities-operations#power-grids)

Automated theorem proving search 1956

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#automated-theorem-proving)

Business simulations 1956

[Full entry in Training simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/training#business-games)

Anti-submarine search theory 1956

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#anti-submarine-search-theory)

Nuclear criticality safety 1957

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#criticality-safety)

Fisheries and wildlife management 1957

[Full entry in Ecology, evolution and animal behaviour ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/ecology-behaviour#fisheries)

Demographic microsimulation 1957

[Full entry in Human behaviour and society ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/human-society#demographic-microsimulation)

Percolation simulation 1957

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#percolation-simulation)

Procedural and generative music 1957

[Full entry in Film, media and art ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/media-art#procedural-music-composition)

Plasma equilibrium and stability 1958

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#plasma-equilibrium-stability)

Supply-chain dynamics and the bullwhip effect 1958

[Full entry in Human behaviour and society ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/human-society#supply-chain-dynamics)

Atmospheric entry 1958

[Full entry in Engineering and technology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/engineering#reentry)

Supply chains 1958

[Full entry in Cities, infrastructure and operations ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/cities-operations#supply-chains)

Control-room simulators 1958

[Full entry in Training simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/training#control-rooms)

Political–military crisis games 1958

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#crisis-games)

Racket and ball sports 1958

[Full entry in Video games ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/video-games#racket-ball-sports)

Accelerator beam dynamics 1959

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#beam-dynamics)

Particle-in-cell plasma 1959

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#particle-in-cell)

Spacecraft trajectories 1959

[Full entry in Engineering and technology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/engineering#trajectory-design)

Self-play strategy training 1959

[Full entry in Minds, brains and artificial worlds ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/minds-computation#self-play-training)

Random graph experiments 1959

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#random-graph-experiments)

Spaceflight and mission control 1959

[Full entry in Training simulators ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/training#spaceflight-training)

era 1960s 82

Radiation-damage cascades in materials 1960

[Full entry in Chemistry and materials ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/chemistry-materials#radiation-damage-cascades)

The heart 1960

[Full entry in Life and medicine ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/life-medicine#heart)

Early resuscitation manikins 1960

[Full entry in Before computers ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/before-computers#resuscitation-manikins)

Torpedo and underwater weapon simulation 1960

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#underwater-weapons)

Cosmic-ray air showers 1961

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#air-showers)

Drug formulation and delivery modelling 1961

[Full entry in Life and medicine ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/life-medicine#drug-formulation-delivery)

Market and auction design 1961

[Full entry in Human behaviour and society ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/human-society#market-design)

Manufacturing lines 1961

[Full entry in Cities, infrastructure and operations ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/cities-operations#manufacturing)

Queues and service systems 1961

[Full entry in Cities, infrastructure and operations ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/cities-operations#service-queues)

Blast and impact protection 1961

[Full entry in Defence and conflict ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/defence-conflict#blast-protection)

Radioactivation and decay chains 1962

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#activation-decay)

Polymers and soft matter 1962

[Full entry in Chemistry and materials ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/chemistry-materials#soft-matter)

Aerodynamics 1962

[Full entry in Engineering and technology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/engineering#aerodynamics)

SAT and constraint solving 1962

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#sat-constraint-solving)

Magnetic reconnection 1963

[Full entry in Fundamental physics ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/fundamental-physics#magnetic-reconnection)

Organisations and teams 1963

[Full entry in Human behaviour and society ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/human-society#organisations)

Rarefied-gas direct simulation 1963

[Full entry in Engineering and technology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/engineering#rarefied-gas-dsmc)

Emulation and virtual machines 1963

[Full entry in Engineering and technology ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/engineering#emulation)

Project schedule risk simulation 1963

[Full entry in Cities, infrastructure and operations ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/cities-operations#project-schedule-monte-carlo)

Experimental mathematics searches 1963

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#experimental-mathematics-search)

Chaotic-attractor numerics 1963

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#chaotic-attractor-numerics)

Negotiation and diplomacy training simulations 1963

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Animatronic figures 1963

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Liquids and solutions 1964

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Computer network simulation 1964

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Semiconductor device simulation 1964

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Transport and land use 1964

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Airspace fast-time simulation 1964

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Last-mile delivery routing 1964

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Nuclear structure 1965

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Chip logic simulation 1965

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Soliton numerical experiments 1965

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Turing-machine enumeration 1965

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Generative art systems 1965

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One-component plasma simulation 1966

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Kidney nephron transport models 1966

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Electromagnetics 1966

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Radiative-convective climate model 1967

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Anaesthesia simulators 1967

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Radiation transport 1968

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Groundwater 1968

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Polymerisation kinetics 1968

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Pharmacodynamic modelling 1968

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Rocket engine simulation 1968

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Operating system scheduler simulation 1968

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L-system plant modelling 1968

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Earth system models 1969

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Tropical cyclones 1969

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Gene regulatory networks 1969

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Speciation and macroevolution models 1969

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Random Boolean networks 1969

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Patient simulators 1969

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Spaceflight simulation 1969

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Cosmological N-body 1970

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Air quality and dispersion 1970

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Slime mould aggregation 1970

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Forest dynamics 1970

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Livestock herd and feed models 1970

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Baking and thermal food processing 1970

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Tribology and contact mechanics 1970

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Public transit network simulation 1970

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Cellular automata 1970

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Empirical algorithm performance testing 1970

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Driving and rail simulators 1970

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Origin of life 1971

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Residential sorting 1971

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World models 1971

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Galaxy collision and merger simulation 1972

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Atmospheric boundary-layer large-eddy simulation 1972

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Wildfire spread 1972

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Heart valve fluid-structure interaction 1972

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Whole-body integrative physiology 1972

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Vocal fold and voice production models 1972

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Food webs 1972

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Soil water and nutrient transport 1972

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Models of learning 1972

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Insurance catastrophe models 1972

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Computable general equilibrium modelling 1972

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Policing and patrol deployment simulation 1972

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Neural mass and field models 1972

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Ship bridge simulators 1972

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Word and letter puzzles 1972

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Astrochemical reaction networks 1973

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Animal contest strategies 1973

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Grazing and pasture management 1973

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Circuit simulation 1973

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Detector response 1974

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Ensemble weather forecasting 1974

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Mantle convection and plate tectonics 1974

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Spectroscopy prediction 1974

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Ambulance and fire station deployment models 1974

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Opinion dynamics 1974

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Fluid-structure interaction 1974

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Waste collection and treatment simulation 1974

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Emergency incident command simulators 1974

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Directed energy weapon simulation 1974

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Arcade racing 1974

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Shooters 1974

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Kinetic Monte Carlo 1975

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Adsorption in porous materials 1975

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Battery and electrochemical cell modelling 1975

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Irrigation scheduling 1975

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Fermentation process modelling 1975

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Electoral and voting system simulation 1975

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Optical lithography simulation 1975

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Welding simulation 1975

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Container terminal simulation 1975

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Structured clinical examinations 1975

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Role-playing games 1975

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Interactive fiction 1975

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Time-dependent nuclear mean-field dynamics 1976

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Ice sheets and sea level 1976

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Glacial isostatic adjustment and sea-level fingerprints 1976

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Reaction dynamics 1976

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Glass formation 1976

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Fracture and defects 1976

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Enzyme catalysis 1976

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Neutral community models 1976

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Degree-day pest phenology models 1976

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Tax and benefit microsimulation 1976

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Court and case-flow simulation 1976

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Injection moulding simulation 1976

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Cryptographic attack modelling 1976

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Symbolic execution 1976

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Fighting games 1976

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Palaeoclimate 1977

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Protein folding and dynamics 1977

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Stochastic biochemistry 1977

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Soil organic carbon turnover 1977

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Pesticide resistance management models 1977

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Construction process simulation 1977

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Building energy and daylight 1977

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Computer-assisted proof by exhaustive case checking 1977

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Abstract interpretation 1977

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Board and card game adaptations 1977

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Planet formation 1978

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Space weather 1978

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Blood cell production dynamics 1978

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Size-spectrum ecosystem models 1978

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Models of decision-making 1978

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Social cognition and theory-of-mind models 1978

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Collective action and tipping-point models 1978

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Orbital-debris and satellite-collision modelling 1978

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Mobile network planning 1978

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Distributed systems and consensus simulation 1978

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Diving and submersible simulators 1978

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Massively multiplayer worlds 1978

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Lattice QCD 1979

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Granular materials 1979

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Multiphase and pipeline flow 1979

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Crash simulation 1979

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Semiconductor process simulation 1979

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Urban growth 1979

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District heating and cooling networks 1979

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Number and grid logic puzzles 1979

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era 1980s 148

Fusion breeding blanket neutronics 1980

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Quantum many-body systems 1980

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Impact cratering 1980

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Volcanic eruptions and lava flows 1980

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Landslides and debris flows 1980

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Quantum Monte Carlo for electrons 1980

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Population viability analysis 1980

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Pest and plant disease spread 1980

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Cooperation and norms 1980

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Legislative bargaining and coalition simulation 1980

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Metal forming and stamping 1980

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Fractal-set rendering 1980

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Search and rescue drift planning 1980

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Flight simulation 1980

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Hex-and-counter war games 1980

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Roguelikes 1980

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Combat sports simulation 1980

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Fishing simulation 1980

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Solvation free energy 1981

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Diffusion-limited aggregation 1981

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RNA folding and structure 1981

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Cochlear mechanics 1981

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Evolution of behaviour 1981

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Sexual selection and mate choice evolution 1981

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Cultural evolution 1981

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Solar and wind farm yield simulation 1981

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Airport airside simulation 1981

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Energy-system capacity-planning models 1981

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Model checking 1981

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Platformers 1981

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Programming battle games 1981

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Collider event generation 1982

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Crystal plasticity finite-element modelling 1982

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Molecular docking and drug binding 1982

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Membranes and ion channels 1982

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Circadian clock models 1982

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Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models 1982

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Machining simulation 1982

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Attractor memory networks 1982

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Fluid and smoke simulation for effects 1982

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Procedural cities and landscapes 1982

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Sports management 1982

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Fusion plasma turbulence 1983

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Stellar population synthesis 1983

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Solar interior and dynamo 1983

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Molten salts and ionic liquids 1983

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Environmental and chemical exposure risk assessment 1983

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Coalescent and phylogenetic simulation 1983

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Cognitive architectures 1983

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Jury decision-making simulation 1983

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Robot simulation 1983

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Simulated annealing 1983

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Networked training exercises 1983

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Climate effects of nuclear war 1983

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Particle system effects 1983

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Physical modelling synthesis of instruments 1983

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Level and world creation tools 1983

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Visual novels and narrative games 1983

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Sports simulation 1983

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Path-integral Monte Carlo of quantum fluids 1984

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Exoplanet detection and characterisation 1984

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Full-waveform seismic inversion 1984

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Excited states and photochemistry 1984

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Path-integral molecular dynamics 1984

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Alloy cluster expansion 1984

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Core War battles 1984

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Naval and submarine simulation 1984

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Space exploration and trading 1984

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Golf simulation 1984

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Logic and falling-block puzzles 1984

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Industrial plasma processing 1985

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Collisionless shock simulation 1985

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Cosmic string network evolution 1985

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Reactive transport in the subsurface 1985

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Ab initio molecular dynamics 1985

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Cancer screening microsimulation 1985

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Greenhouse climate models 1985

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Aquaculture and fish farming 1985

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Aquaculture pond bioenergetics 1985

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Food supply chain simulation 1985

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Famine early warning models 1985

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Metal casting and solidification 1985

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Parallel discrete-event simulation 1985

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Military flight and mission simulators 1985

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Marksmanship and use-of-force trainers 1985

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Sanctions and economic warfare modelling 1985

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Procedural texture and material generation 1985

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Terrarium and habitat sandboxes 1985

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Hacking simulation 1985

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Seasonal forecasting 1986

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Earthquake-cycle simulation 1986

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Land-surface model 1986

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Colloids and nanoparticle assembly 1986

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Metabolic networks 1986

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Dynamic energy budget modelling 1986

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Species ranges 1986

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Lattice-gas automata for fluid flow 1986

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Artificial immune models 1986

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Ocean surface synthesis 1986

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Atmospheric and sky simulation 1986

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Physically based light transport 1986

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Social deduction games 1986

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Action adventure 1986

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Neutrino detector simulation 1987

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Coastal and estuarine circulation modelling 1987

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Bone adaptation and implant remodelling 1987

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Flocking and schooling 1987

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Mass gathering disease risk modelling 1987

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Self-organised criticality 1987

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Sandpile self-organised criticality 1987

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Cloth simulation 1987

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Adventure and point-and-click 1987

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Fitness and motion games 1987

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Extreme and action sports 1987

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Stellarator configuration optimisation 1988

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Topological quantum matter 1988

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Orbital dynamics 1988

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Thermosphere and ionosphere modelling 1988

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Stochastic earthquake-catalogue models 1988

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Micromagnetic simulation 1988

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Crystallisation 1988

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Radiotherapy dose calculation 1988

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Individual-based ecological models 1988

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Reserve and corridor design 1988

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Plant architecture growth models 1988

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Emotion and affect modelling 1988

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Cavitation simulation 1988

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Ice accretion simulation 1988

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Lattice Boltzmann flow simulation 1988

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Topology optimisation 1988

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Warehouse and distribution centre simulation 1988

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Storage systems simulation 1988

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Paramedic and mass-casualty triage training 1988

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Rigid body dynamics for animation 1988

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Cockpit and rig simulation 1988

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Tidal disruption of stars by black holes 1989

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Regional climate downscaling 1989

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Blood flow 1989

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Wind seed and pollen dispersal models 1989

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Swarm robotics 1989

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Neuromorphic hardware simulation 1989

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Security protocol verification 1989

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Mass-casualty exercises 1989

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Hair and fur simulation 1989

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Racing simulation 1989

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Mech combat simulation 1989

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City building 1989

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God games 1989

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era 1990s 163

Neutron star mergers 1990

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Ocean ecosystem and biogeochemistry modelling 1990

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Quantum wavepacket dynamics 1990

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Dislocation dynamics 1990

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Musculoskeletal biomechanics 1990

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Musculoskeletal models for surgery 1990

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Pathogen evolution 1990

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Ant colony foraging 1990

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Plankton ecosystem models 1990

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Host-parasite coevolution 1990

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Reintroduction and translocation planning 1990

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Crop breeding simulation 1990

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Livestock breeding and genetics 1990

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Cold chain and spoilage modelling 1990

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Policy diffusion network models 1990

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Photonic-crystal band-structure calculation 1990

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Exoskeleton and prosthetic control 1990

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Fuzz testing 1990

[Full entry in Mathematics and computation ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/mathematics-computation#fuzz-testing)

Computer architecture simulation 1990

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Heavy equipment simulators 1990

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Management and tycoon 1990

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Tactics 1990

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Accretion discs and jets 1991

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Landscape evolution 1991

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Microstructure 1991

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Fuel-cell membrane and transport modelling 1991

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Wildlife disease 1991

[Full entry in Ecology, evolution and animal behaviour ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/ecology-behaviour#wildlife-disease)

Spatial host-parasitoid and pest lattices 1991

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Artificial chemistry 1991

[Full entry in Minds, brains and artificial worlds ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/minds-computation#artificial-chemistry)

Computer virus and malware epidemics 1991

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Colony simulation 1991

[Full entry in Video games ▸](https://simulation-hypothesis.com/simulations/video-games#colony-sims)

Grand strategy 1991

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4X strategy 1991

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Virtual reality 1991

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Galaxy formation 1992

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Integrated assessment models 1992

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Choice under risk and uncertainty modelling 1992

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Swarm intelligence algorithms 1992

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Reinforcement learning environments 1992

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Endoscopy simulators 1992

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Evolutionary robotics 1993

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Relationship simulation 1994

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Food safety and traceability simulation 1995

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Language evolution 1995

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Naval salvo exchange models 1995

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Social hangout worlds 1995

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Artificial societies 1996

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Virtual idols and influencers 1996

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Virtual pets 1996

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Protest mobilisation network models 1997

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Simulated robot soccer 1998

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era 2000s 130

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Kinetic wealth exchange models 2000

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Driving and transport simulation 2001

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Tokamak edge pedestal and ELM modelling 2002

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Analogue quantum simulation 2002

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Flight simulation over streamed Earth 2020

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Simulated web environments for agents 2023

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Language-model social platform simulation 2024

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Desktop computer agent environments 2024

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Agent hospitals 2024

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