{"retrieved":"2026-10-02","running":{"games":{"measured":[[2018,92068452.38095239],[2021,120089285.71428572],[2022,125893601.1904762],[2023,131057440.47619048],[2024,136981845.23809522],[2025,143306547.6190476]],"projected":[[2025,146261185.07078376,137670379.4049162,154851990.7366514],[2026,154370470.67894417,145303357.53125897,163437583.82662937],[2027,162397213.90840676,152858641.49296874,171935786.3238448],[2028,170535817.82610705,160519215.88687846,180552419.76533565],[2029,178761947.50956592,168262175.1279632,189261719.8911687],[2030,187050710.4428142,176064088.78855225,198037332.09707615],[2031,195377004.54744664,183901329.18741074,206852679.90748256],[2032,203715866.64307252,191750399.38299614,215681333.90314892],[2033,212042811.19148144,199588252.0211268,224497370.36183617],[2034,220334149.81086412,207392590.0821963,233275709.53953198],[2035,228567283.12376228,215142141.58712497,241992424.66039962],[2036,236720957.93954277,222816901.6739488,250625014.20513675],[2037,244775484.46252087,230398337.0479936,259152631.87704813],[2038,252712910.0424117,237869549.52690947,267556270.55791396],[2039,260517147.82690507,245215397.13670027,275818898.51710993],[2040,268174060.42938855,252422572.8651345,283925547.9936426],[2041,275671500.29809123,259479642.6597647,291863357.9364178],[2042,282999309.7996209,266377045.5065577,299621574.09268415],[2043,290149285.06814665,273107059.402434,307191510.73385936],[2044,297115108.404756,279663737.72522014,314566479.0842919],[2045,303892254.44490886,286042820.912457,321741687.9773608],[2046,310477875.46874815,292241628.5081302,328714122.42936605],[2047,316870671.14584893,298258936.55810016,335482405.73359764],[2048,323070747.72693396,304094845.07234085,342046650.3815272],[2049,329079471.2679904,309750639.87009364,348408302.6658873],[2050,334899318.9438436,315228652.62669593,354569985.26099133]],"share2025":0.443875457496651,"share2050":0.8657137913071119,"hours":[6.33,7.12]},"roblox":[[2018,1080000],[2019,1560000],[2020,3480000],[2021,4730000],[2022,5630000],[2023,6850000],[2024,8369999.999999999],[2025,14140000]],"flight":[[2014,811.6649104341453],[2015,841.9599594378138],[2016,873.3857583141654],[2017,905.9845118232721],[2018,939.8],[2019,974.8776369504735],[2020,1011.2645318430937],[2021,1049.0095521760186],[2022,1088.1633894060774],[2023,1128.7786270272557],[2024,1170.9098111901799],[2025,1214.6135239574462],[2026,1259.9484592931715],[2027,1306.975501888824],[2028,1355.7578089311942],[2029,1406.3608949223178],[2030,1458.852719665272],[2031,1513.303779533999],[2032,1569.7872021497399],[2033,1628.3788445912255],[2034,1689.157395270522],[2035,1752.2044796113466],[2036,1817.6047696717856],[2037,1885.4460978586296],[2038,1955.8195748860528],[2039,2028.8197121370454],[2040,2104.5445485919377],[2041,2183.0957824944767],[2042,2264.5789079322844],[2043,2349.1033565151197],[2044,2436.7826443412278],[2045,2527.734524449141],[2046,2622.081144959681],[2047,2719.9492131205425],[2048,2821.470165473776],[2049,2926.7803443746934],[2050,3036.021181099271]],"flightRate":0.03664487588966038,"brains":[[2010,7021732148,594433512.154125],[2011,7110923765,601984139.9807813],[2012,7201202485,609626797.8707813],[2013,7291793585,617295900.6801562],[2014,7381616244,624899950.1561251],[2015,7470491872,632423827.539],[2016,7558554526,639878881.5916876],[2017,7645617954,647249344.9183125],[2018,7729902781,654384582.3040313],[2019,7811293698,661274832.1213125],[2020,7887001292,667683953.125875],[2021,7954448391,673393771.6005938],[2022,8021407192,679062252.5977501],[2023,8091734930,685015935.1678125],[2024,8161972572,690961990.548375],[2025,8231613070,696857493.9571875],[2026,8300678395,702704305.3767188],[2027,8357483461.875,707513209.3193555],[2028,8414288528.75,712322113.2619922],[2029,8471093595.625,717131017.204629],[2030,8527898662.5,721939921.1472657],[2031,8584703729.375,726748825.0899024],[2032,8641508796.25,731557729.0325391],[2033,8698313863.125,736366632.9751759],[2034,8755118930,741175536.9178125],[2035,8811923996.875,745984440.8604492],[2036,8868729063.75,750793344.8030859],[2037,8925534130.625,755602248.7457227],[2038,8982339197.5,760411152.6883594],[2039,9039144264.375,765220056.6309961],[2040,9095949331.25,770028960.5736328],[2041,9152754398.125,774837864.5162696],[2042,9209559465,779646768.4589063],[2043,9266364531.875,784455672.401543],[2044,9323169598.75,789264576.3441797],[2045,9379974665.625,794073480.2868165],[2046,9436779732.5,798882384.2294532],[2047,9493584799.375,803691288.1720898],[2048,9550389866.25,808500192.1147265],[2049,9607194933.125,813309096.0573633],[2050,9664000000,818118000]],"dreamShare":0.08465625,"pop2050":9664000000,"notCounted":"Weather and climate runs, supercomputer jobs, engineering software, digital twins and AI training environments: no published count of how many run at once.","sources":{"games":"Newzoo player counts (2018–2025); Limelight Networks, State of Online Gaming 2019 and 2020 (hours a week); UN World Population Prospects 2024","roblox":"Roblox annual reports (hours engaged ÷ hours in the year)","flight":"FlightGlobal (1,270 airline simulators, June 2018); CAE annual reports (network size 2014–2026, utilisation 70–78%)","brains":"UN World Population Prospects 2024 (medium variant); US time-use survey (9.03 hours in bed); REM 20–25% of sleep"}},"top500":[[1993,1128570000000],[1994,2317010000000],[1995,3927000000000],[1996,5892240000000],[1997,12844190000000],[1998,22625140000000],[1999,39062570000000],[2000,64230110000000],[2001,108276780000000],[2002,222263770000000],[2003,370049260000000],[2004,812313210000000],[2005,1694886640000000],[2006,2789465470000000],[2007,4950600480000000],[2008,12152691080000000],[2009,22640789570000000],[2010,32434684560000000],[2011,58930025840000000],[2012,123417786710000000],[2013,228566576130000000],[2014,278638938089999970],[2015,364140347360000000],[2016,572075795809999940],[2017,753276958810000000],[2018,1210914864080000000],[2019,1559575379780000000],[2020,2206134393770000000],[2021,2786058799770000000],[2022,4403083213770000400],[2023,5239024665770000000],[2024,8213336855770000000],[2025,13837531485770000000],[2026,18732742161770000000]],"papers":[[1950,47],[1951,105],[1952,75],[1953,121],[1954,109],[1955,106],[1956,108],[1957,129],[1958,213],[1959,244],[1960,262],[1961,426],[1962,517],[1963,736],[1964,860],[1965,983],[1966,1259],[1967,1461],[1968,1740],[1969,2120],[1970,3501],[1971,2825],[1972,3389],[1973,3808],[1974,4239],[1975,4726],[1976,5229],[1977,5880],[1978,6257],[1979,6875],[1980,7549],[1981,7864],[1982,8515],[1983,9517],[1984,10872],[1985,12367],[1986,13544],[1987,15437],[1988,17773],[1989,20152],[1990,23161],[1991,26109],[1992,28868],[1993,31209],[1994,34057],[1995,37476],[1996,41190],[1997,43698],[1998,46776],[1999,50962],[2000,57344],[2001,62246],[2002,114667],[2003,102545],[2004,109496],[2005,128784],[2006,149005],[2007,154542],[2008,170916],[2009,187596],[2010,205418],[2011,223917],[2012,233914],[2013,245876],[2014,253642],[2015,247138],[2016,251770],[2017,260018],[2018,280800],[2019,299533],[2020,305034],[2021,325897],[2022,333370],[2023,360122],[2024,396783],[2025,489071]],"share":[[1950,0.015],[1951,0.033],[1952,0.023],[1953,0.035],[1954,0.031],[1955,0.029],[1956,0.029],[1957,0.033],[1958,0.051],[1959,0.055],[1960,0.052],[1961,0.087],[1962,0.1],[1963,0.13],[1964,0.144],[1965,0.152],[1966,0.18],[1967,0.194],[1968,0.216],[1969,0.247],[1970,0.347],[1971,0.303],[1972,0.349],[1973,0.384],[1974,0.411],[1975,0.44],[1976,0.476],[1977,0.513],[1978,0.523],[1979,0.553],[1980,0.554],[1981,0.581],[1982,0.615],[1983,0.66],[1984,0.72],[1985,0.793],[1986,0.827],[1987,0.895],[1988,0.984],[1989,1.047],[1990,1.111],[1991,1.255],[1992,1.325],[1993,1.373],[1994,1.42],[1995,1.47],[1996,1.492],[1997,1.533],[1998,1.541],[1999,1.618],[2000,1.508],[2001,1.636],[2002,2.597],[2003,2.185],[2004,2.149],[2005,2.366],[2006,2.512],[2007,2.39],[2008,2.458],[2009,2.495],[2010,2.551],[2011,2.584],[2012,2.618],[2013,2.618],[2014,2.552],[2015,2.433],[2016,2.381],[2017,2.49],[2018,2.699],[2019,2.779],[2020,2.658],[2021,3.029],[2022,3.243],[2023,3.291],[2024,3.65],[2025,3.323]],"kinds":[[1800,15],[1805,15],[1810,15],[1815,16],[1820,16],[1825,16],[1830,17],[1835,17],[1840,17],[1845,17],[1850,17],[1855,17],[1860,17],[1865,17],[1870,18],[1875,23],[1880,24],[1885,24],[1890,24],[1895,24],[1900,25],[1905,26],[1910,29],[1915,32],[1920,35],[1925,38],[1930,42],[1935,45],[1940,47],[1945,50],[1950,58],[1955,78],[1960,107],[1965,145],[1970,199],[1975,251],[1980,315],[1985,385],[1990,466],[1995,539],[2000,628],[2005,686],[2010,749],[2015,794],[2020,853],[2025,896],[2026,896]],"perDecade":[[1800,0],[1810,1],[1820,1],[1830,0],[1840,0],[1850,0],[1860,1],[1870,6],[1880,0],[1890,1],[1900,3],[1910,6],[1920,8],[1930,5],[1940,9],[1950,47],[1960,82],[1970,111],[1980,148],[1990,163],[2000,130],[2010,103],[2020,56]],"before1800":15,"kindsTotal":896,"records":{"cosmology":[{"year":2001,"v":1000000000,"what":"Hubble Volume simulations (Virgo Consortium; Evrard et al.), 'giga-particle N-body'","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0110246"},{"year":2005,"v":10000000000,"what":"Millennium Run (Springel et al., Virgo Consortium, MPA)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0504097"},{"year":2008,"v":70000000000,"what":"Horizon 4pi full-sky lensing run (Teyssier et al.)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.3651"},{"year":2012,"v":303000000000,"what":"Millennium-XXL (Angulo, Springel, White et al., MPA/Durham)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1203.3216"},{"year":2014,"v":1070000000000,"what":"Dark Sky Simulations (Skillman et al., 2HOT code)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.2600"},{"year":2016,"v":2000000000000,"what":"PKDGRAV3 / Euclid Flagship-scale run on Piz Daint (Potter, Stadel, Teyssier)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08621"},{"year":2020,"v":2100000000000,"what":"Uchuu (Ishiyama et al.; ATERUI II / Japan)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.14720"},{"year":2024,"v":4000000000000,"what":"Frontier-E / CRK-HACC cosmological hydrodynamics (Habib, Argonne; run on Frontier, ORNL)","src":"https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1106165"}],"brain":[{"year":2008,"v":1000000,"what":"Izhikevich & Edelman thalamocortical model, PNAS 105:3593 (main text)","src":"https://www.izhikevich.org/publications/large-scale_model_of_human_brain.htm"},{"year":2013,"v":1730000000,"what":"NEST on K computer (RIKEN/OIST/Juelich; Diesmann, Morrison), 82,944 nodes; 1 s biological time took 40 min","src":"https://medicalxpress.com/news/2014-01-unleashed-largest-neuronal-network-simulation.html"},{"year":2018,"v":1510000000,"what":"Jordan et al. NEST on K computer, full machine; ~800 s per biological second","src":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroinformatics/articles/10.3389/fninf.2020.00016/full"},{"year":2019,"v":6040000000,"what":"Igarashi et al., MONET on 63,504 K computer nodes; 322 s per biological second","src":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroinformatics/articles/10.3389/fninf.2020.00016/full"},{"year":2020,"v":68000000000,"what":"K computer, 82,944 nodes (Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 2020, 14:16)","src":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroinformatics/articles/10.3389/fninf.2020.00016/full"},{"year":2024,"v":86000000000,"what":"Digital Twin Brain (Lu et al., Nature Computational Science 2024), 14,012 GPUs; point neurons, not real time","src":"https://www.oxcns.org/papers/691%20Lu%20et%20al%202024%20Simulation%20and%20assimilation%20of%20the%20digital%20human%20brain.pdf"},{"year":2026,"v":86000000000,"what":"CerebroSim on LineShine supercomputer (18,432 nodes, 11.2 million cores)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27482"}],"brainDetailed":[{"year":2015,"v":31000,"what":"Blue Brain Project somatosensory cortex microcircuit (Markram et al., Cell 163:456)","src":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Brain_Project"},{"year":2025,"v":9000000,"what":"Mouse whole-cortex simulation on Fugaku (Kuriyama, Akira et al., Univ. Electro-Communications; SC25)","src":"https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1105603"}],"md":[{"year":1964,"v":864,"what":"Rahman liquid argon, Lennard-Jones (Phys. Rev. 136:A405)","src":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics"},{"year":2008,"v":1000000000000,"what":"Germann & Kadau, SPaSM on BlueGene/L (LLNL), Lennard-Jones shear instability","src":"https://ideas.repec.org/a/wsi/ijmpcx/v19y2008i09ns0129183108012911.html"},{"year":2021,"v":655000000000,"what":"MISA-MD cascade collision, EAM iron, Sunway TaihuLight (655-billion-atom run)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.07866"},{"year":2024,"v":466000000000,"what":"OLCF (Hagerty, Asthagiri) LAMMPS water on Frontier, 155 billion water molecules","src":"https://www.olcf.ornl.gov/2024/05/13/breaking-benchmarks-frontier-supercomputer-sets-new-standard-in-molecular-simulation/"}],"mlmd":[{"year":2020,"v":113246208,"what":"DeePMD-kit GPU, copper, Summit (Jia et al., Gordon Bell 2020)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.11658"},{"year":2025,"v":29000000000,"what":"29-billion-atom MD with ab initio accuracy on new Sunway (35 million cores)","src":"https://www.computer.org/csdl/journal/tc/5555/01/10880101/24fKnkwhRio"},{"year":2026,"v":1620000000000,"what":"NEP (neuroevolution potential) MD on China's New-generation Intelligent Supercomputer (Suo et al.)","src":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.24816"}]},"players":[{"year":2020,"value":2690000000,"src":"https://icon-era.com/statistics/video-game-statistics/","note":"SECONDARY aggregator attributing to Newzoo"},{"year":2021,"value":2810000000,"src":"https://icon-era.com/statistics/video-game-statistics/","note":"SECONDARY aggregator attributing to Newzoo (Newzoo revises history; later report gives 2022 as 3.145B vs aggregator 3.09B)"},{"year":2022,"value":3145000000,"src":"https://best-of-gaming.be/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024_Newzoo_Global_Games_Market_Report.pdf","note":"Newzoo Global Games Market Report 2024 (free), chart p.16 (mirror copy of PDF)"},{"year":2023,"value":3274000000,"src":"https://best-of-gaming.be/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024_Newzoo_Global_Games_Market_Report.pdf","note":"same chart"},{"year":2024,"value":3422000000,"src":"https://best-of-gaming.be/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/2024_Newzoo_Global_Games_Market_Report.pdf","note":"Newzoo forecast made Aug 2024; text: 'will reach 3.42 billion in 2024, +4.5% yoy'. Mobile 2.85B, PC 908M, console 630M."},{"year":2025,"value":3580000000,"src":"https://www.pocketgamer.biz/newzoo-global-games-market-set-to-hit-1888bn-in-2025/","note":"Newzoo forecast via PocketGamer.biz (SECONDARY): 3.58bn, >60% of online population; mobile 3.0bn, PC 936M, console 645M."}],"sources":{"top500":"TOP500, Performance Development (sum of Rmax of all 500 systems, June lists), top500.org/statistics/perfdevel","papers":"OpenAlex: works whose title or abstract mentions simulation, and all works, by publication year (retrieved 2 October 2026)","players":"Newzoo, Global Games Market Report 2024 (2022–2024) and 2025 forecast via PocketGamer.biz"}}