Hasashen Kwaikwayo
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Zama na roba · daga rayuwar halitta zuwa ta roba

Hanyoyi biyu suna hawa wannan bishiya. Hanyar a hankali tana maye gurbin jiki sashe bayan sashe. Sannan tana haɗa kwakwalwa da injuna har sai ƙarin mutum yana gudana a waje da kwakwalwa fiye da ciki. Hanyar scan tana zana taswirar kwakwalwa kuma tana gudanar da taswirar. Suna haɗuwa a lokacin da rayuwa ta dijital ta fi kyau kuma mutane suka daina dawowa. Ɗigon da suka wuce suna da kwanan wata da tushe. Ɗigon nan gaba iri biyu ne. Hasashe mutane masu suna ne ke bugawa kuma kowanne da ambato. Alama tana nuna inda kwanan wata ya wuce kuma an rasa hasashen. Hasashen kai tunanin shafin kansa ne, an yi musu lakabi haka, tare da nuna kowane mataki da lamba don ka duba. Bishiyar ta hasashe ce da gangan. Saman yana reshewa zuwa halittu da yawa masu yiwuwa, kuma babu wanda aka yi hasashe a nan.

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Fara a nan

Inda ya fara

Bishiyar tana farawa da injuna da suka karɓi aikin jiki: , koda ta wucin gadi a wajen jiki. Layin kwakwalwa yana farawa da don lada. Na hankali yana farawa da na tsarin jijiyoyin dabba.

Ci gabanka yana zama a wannan burauzar kawai. Idan ka share bayanan shafi, bishiyar ta sake farawa.

Duk bishiyar a matsayin rubutu · kowane ɗigo bisa jeri, don masu karanta allo, burauzar rubutu da masu karanta inji. Ɗigon iri ɗaya da taswirar

Kwanakin shekarun Miladiyya ne sai dai idan an yi alama da kafin Miladiyya. Kwanakin juyin halitta shekaru da suka wuce ne. Kowane ɗigo yana da adireshi tsayayye, wanda aka nuna bayansa. Ɗigon hasashe suna lissafa hasashen da aka buga ne kawai, kowanne da ambato. Ɗigon hasashen kai tunanin shafin kansa ne, ba hasashen da aka buga ba, tare da nuna kowane mataki.

Wanzuwa

  1. Yaran hankali (1988 · Shawara)

    Mind Children na Moravec (1988) ya yi hujja cewa injuna masu hankali za su zama ’ya’yan bil’adama da magadansu. Ya ga sabon jinsi na roba yana farawa kusan 2030 zuwa 2040. Shi ne hujja ta farko mai tsawon littafi cewa tsara ta gaba ta hankulan ɗan adam ba sai ta zama ta halitta ba.

    Ya kai ga: Duniyar da ta wuce halitta; Kwafi a matsayin zuriya

    Tushe: Hans Moravec, Mind Children, Harvard University Press (1988); review in the New York Review of Books, 1 February 1990

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=mind-children

  2. Duniyar da ta wuce halitta (2003 · Shawara)

    Steven J. Dick ya yi hujja cewa al’adu suna karkata ga maye gurbin hankalin halitta da hankalin na’ura. Don haka yawancin hankali a sararin samaniya yana iya zama ya riga ya wuce halitta. Ya kira ƙa’idar da ke bayan wannan Intelligence Principle. Ya mayar da tambayar daga abin da mutane ke zama zuwa abin da kowane jinsin fasaha ke zama.

    An gina a kan: Yaran hankali

    Ya kai ga: Wayewar da ta wuce halitta

    Tushe: Dick, ‘Cultural evolution, the postbiological universe and SETI’, International Journal of Astrobiology 2 (2003)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=dick-2003

  3. Zaɓin zama (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan shi ne lokacin da rayuwar dijital ta zama mafi kyau kuma mutane suka daina dawowa. Hanyar a hankali da hanyar dubawa suna haɗuwa a nan. Wani ɓangare tattalin arziki ne: rayuwar dijital a ingancin kwakwalwa tana amfani da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na makamashin ta halitta. Wani ɓangare kuma imani ne, kuma har yanzu imani yana tafiya ta wata hanya.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Makamashin duniya (kusan terawatt 19) idan aka raba da kusan mutane biliyan 8.2 zuwa 8.3 yana zama kusan kilowatt 2.3 ga kowa. Hankali a ingancin kwakwalwa yana aiki da kusan watt 20. Wannan kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari ne. (UN World Population Prospects 2024)
    2. A binciken manya 10,260 na Amurka na 2021, kashi 63% sun kira dashen kwakwalwa don tunani mafi kyau tsoma baki cikin dabi’ar halitta. A babu wata ƙungiya da fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin uku suka so ɗaya. (Pew Research Center (2022))
    3. A binciken mutane 1,007 na 2023, tsoron mutuwa ya kasance mai hasashen amincewa da ɗora hankali a kwamfuta. (Laakasuo et al., Frontiers in Psychology (2023))
    4. Idan longevity escape velocity ta zo da farko, matsin lamba na barin jiki yana raunana. Jikin da ba ya tsufa yana kawar da mafi ƙarfin dalili, wato ƙarewa. Abin da ya rage shi ne jan hankalin duniya mafi kyau kawai.
    5. Don haka mai yiwuwa a yi zaɓin mutum ɗaya a lokaci, a ƙarshen rayuwar halitta. Zai faru tun kafin al’umma ta yi shi.

    An gina a kan: Haye a mataki-mataki; Ɗora hankali a kwamfuta; Wuta ga hankula biliyan goma; Cikakken nutsewar VR; Longevity escape velocity; Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Ya kai ga: Wayewar da ta wuce halitta; Mutane na dijital

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-choice

  4. Mutane na dijital (wata halitta mai yiwuwa · Hasashen kai)

    Waɗannan mutane ne kamar mu sosai, a layi marar yankewa daga kakannin halitta. Jikinsu da iyakokinsu an zaɓa su ne, ba a ba su ba. Wannan shi ne irin halittar da muke samu idan hanyar a hankali da yara da aka shuka da kwayoyin halitta suka mamaye, kuma idan an kiyaye duniyoyi kusa da wadda suka bari.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Ci gaba da kasancewar mutum (haye a hankali) da na zuriya (girma da kwayoyin halitta) duk suna nuni nan. Shi ne sakamakon da ya fi kowane kama da yadda yake, kuma wanda ya fi ɗaukar lissafi.

    An gina a kan: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Zaɓin zama

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=b-digital

  5. Masu kwafi da yawa (wata halitta mai yiwuwa · Hasashen kai)

    Waɗannan mutane ne da ke kwafin kansu, suna bazuwa a cikin ayyuka da duniyoyi, wani lokaci kuma suna sake haɗa abubuwan tunawa na kwafinsu. Ainihi iyali ne na sigogi masu gudana. Wannan shi ne irin halittar da muke samu idan kwafi ya mamaye, kamar a tattalin arzikin em na Hanson.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Raba kwafi ita ce hanya mafi arha da nisa. Don haka inda kayan aiki ba su da yawa kuma ana biyan aiki, kwafi yana cin nasara a kan farashi. Mutum ya zama layin kwafi.

    An gina a kan: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Rabawa

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=b-many

  6. Gungu (wata halitta mai yiwuwa · Hasashen kai)

    Waɗannan hankula ne da ke haɗuwa sosai har ƙungiyar tana tunani a matsayin halitta ɗaya. Idan za a iya raba abubuwan tunawa da tunani kai tsaye, layin tsakanin ƙungiya ta kusa da hankali ɗaya ya zama zaɓi. Wannan shi ne irin halittar da muke samu idan haɗuwa da rabawa sun mamaye.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Exocortex da mutane da yawa ke rabawa ya riga ya zama, a wani ɓangare, hankali ɗaya na gamayya. Da cikakkiyar damar dijital, iyaka tsakanin hankali ɗaya da da yawa ba ta da wuri kayyadadde.

    An gina a kan: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Hankula gauraye

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=b-collective

  7. Mazaunan duniyar labari (wata halitta mai yiwuwa · Hasashen kai)

    Waɗannan mutane ne da aka haifa aka rene su a cikin duniyoyin da aka ƙirƙira, inda dukan gaskiya labari ne. Orc, elf, Klingon daga Star Trek: kowanne ana ɗaukarsa gaskiya daga ciki. Yaron da aka rene shi haka zai iya kallon labarai da mutane ne baƙon jinsin da aka ƙirƙira a cikinsu. Duba duniyoyin labari a bishiyar Kwaikwayo.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Yaro zai iya ɗaukar al’adar da aka ƙirƙira ne kawai idan duk abin da ke kewaye da shi yana riƙe da ita. Ƙoƙarin shekarun 1990 da mai magana da Klingon ɗaya ya nuna hakan ta hanyar tsayawa.
    2. Irin da aka rene a duniyoyin da aka ƙirƙira suna da arha, kuma ba sai sun dace da kowane rikodi ba. Don haka wannan reshe zai iya zama babba. Akwai buƙata da aka auna ta irin waɗannan duniyoyi a ɗaruruwan miliyoyi.

    An gina a kan: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Iri, an rene shi

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=b-lore

  8. Wanda ba a iya gane shi (wata halitta mai yiwuwa · Hasashen kai)

    Waɗannan hankula ne da ke kaucewa, cikin tsararraki na iri da aka ƙera da jikuna da aka zaɓa, zuwa wani abu da ba a gane shi a matsayin ɗan adam ba. Suna da azanci, buri da ƙimomi na kansu. Wannan shi ne irin halittar da muke samu idan babu abin da ya riƙe layi ga abin da ya gabata na halitta.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Layin halitta yana canzawa a hankali, domin an gina kowane yaro daga kwayoyin halittar iyayensa. Layin da aka ƙera zai iya canzawa a tsara ɗaya. Don haka kaucewar ba ta da iyakar gudu ta halitta.

    An gina a kan: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Iri, an rene shi

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=b-other

  9. Wayewar da ta wuce halitta (2100–2250 · Hasashe)

    Wannan shi ne lokacin da yawancin ko duka hankulan wayewa ba na halitta ba ne. Hasashen sun fito daga mutane masu tunanin wayewar baƙi, waɗanda ke amfani da irin wannan tunani ga tamu. Al’umma da za ta iya gina na’urorin hangen nesa na rediyo, a cewarsu, tana da ƙarni kaɗan daga maye gurbin nata ilimin halittu.

    An gina a kan: Zaɓin zama; Duniyar da ta wuce halitta

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=f-postbio

Rayuwa

  1. Hankula da aka shuka daga iri (1997 · Shawara)

    A littafin labari na Greg Egan Diaspora (1997), yawancin ’yan ƙasar biranen software ana haifar su ne daga irin hankalin iyayensu. Ba a cika samun hakan ba, amma ana shuka ɗan ƙasa marar iyaye daga iri shi kaɗai, a conceptory na Konishi polis. Littafin ya kira wannan orphanogenesis. Littafin yana buɗe da haihuwa ɗaya irin wannan, da aka bi daga farkon kyalli na sani.

    Ya kai ga: Iri, an rene shi

    Tushe: Greg Egan, Diaspora (1997), chapter 1, ‘Orphanogenesis’

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=egan-1997

  2. Kwafi a matsayin zuriya (2016 · Shawara)

    The Age of Em na Robin Hanson (2016) ya bayyana al’umma ta kwaikwayon kwakwalwa da ke ninkawa ta hanyar kwafi na daidai, sau da yawa dukan ƙungiyoyi a lokaci guda. Kwafi masu ɗan gajeren rai, da ake kira spurs, ana share su bayan aiki. Kwafi yana da arha sosai har albashi yana raguwa zuwa farashin gudanar da hankali. Mutane da aka duba ɗari kaɗan zuwa kusan dubu ɗaya suna shuka dukan jama’ar.

    An gina a kan: Yaran hankali

    Ya kai ga: Raba duniya da hankulan dijital; Rabawa

    Tushe: Wikipedia, ‘The Age of Em’

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=hanson-2016

  3. Raba duniya da hankulan dijital (2020 (rubutun farko); 2021 · Shawara)

    Carl Shulman da Nick Bostrom sun yi hujja cewa hankulan dijital za su iya haihuwa ta hanyar kwafi na daidai mai arha. Ƙaruwar jama’a da ke ɗaukar ƙarni ga mutane za ta iya faruwa cikin juzu’in rayuwa. Sun kuma yi hujja cewa wasu hankulan dijital za su iya samun iƙirari mafi ƙarfi sosai na jin daɗi fiye da mutane. Suna tambaya waɗanne ƙa’idoji duniya ta gamayya za ta buƙata.

    An gina a kan: Kwafi a matsayin zuriya

    Ya kai ga: Tsara ta farko ta asali

    Tushe: Shulman and Bostrom, ‘Sharing the World with Digital Minds’, in Rethinking Moral Status, Oxford University Press (2021), ch. 18

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=shulman-2021

  4. Rayuwar cikakkiyar ƙwayar halitta, da aka kwaikwaya (Maris 2026)

    Thornburg da abokan aikinsa sun kwaikwayi dukan zagayen sel na JCVI-syn3A, ƙaramar bakteriya mai kwayoyin halitta kusan 470, a sarari da lokaci. Processor ɗaya na zane ya gudanar da chromosome, na biyu kuma ya gudanar da sauran sel. Gudanarwa ɗaya ta ɗauki kwanaki da yawa. Shi ne mafi cikakken kwaikwayon sel mai rai. Amma sel ɗaya ce ta mafi sauƙin nau’in mai rai da kansa.

    Ya kai ga: Girma a dijital

    Tushe: Thornburg et al., Cell (2026), as reported by Singularity Hub, 16 March 2026

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=syn3a-2026

  5. Jikin roba (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan cikakken jiki ne da aka kwaikwaya don hankalin da aka ɗora: taɓawa, daidaito, yunwa, ciwo, da bugun zuciyar da kwakwalwa ke tsammani. Kwakwalwar da aka kwaikwaya ba tare da ɗaya ba kwakwalwa ce a cikin kwalba, kuma an gina kwakwalwa don tuƙa jikuna.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. An haɗa samfurin kwakwalwar kuda da jikin da aka kwaikwaya mai tafiya da gyaran jiki (2026). Wannan nunin kamfani ne kuma ba a duba shi ta takwarorin masana ba tukuna.
    2. Kwakwalwar ɗan adam tana samun abubuwa da yawa daga jiki fiye da daga idanu da kunnuwa kaɗai. Ciki, tsokoki da fata duk suna ba da rahoto kullum. Babu ɗaya daga cikinsu da ke da cikakken samfuri.
    3. Don haka jikin roba kwaikwayo ne na biyu, mai wuya kamar na kwakwalwa. Na farko da za a ɗora na iya rayuwa a cikin jikuna na ɓangare.

    An gina a kan: Ɗora hankali a kwamfuta; Kwakwalwar kuda da aka ba jiki; An ba da izinin hannu da tunani ke jagoranta

    Ya kai ga: Girma a dijital

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-synbody

  6. Girma a dijital (lissafin shafin · Hasashen kai)

    Yaro yana buƙatar kusan shekaru ashirin don ya girma. Gudanar da kwakwalwa mai girma tsawon shekaru ashirin yana buƙatar ayyuka kusan 1024 zuwa 1027, kafin kowane gaggautawa. Gudanarwa da sauri fiye da ainihin lokaci tana rage jira, ba jimillar ba.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Shekaru ashirin kusan daƙiƙa 6.3 × 108 ne.
    2. A ayyuka 1015 zuwa 1018 a daƙiƙa (tazarar daga gibin inganci), wannan kusan ayyuka 6 × 1023 zuwa 6 × 1026 ne ga kowane yaro.
    3. A ingancin kwakwalwa (watt 20), girma na shekaru ashirin yana ɗaukar kusan kilowatt-awa 3,500. Wannan kusan abin da gidan Turai ke amfani da shi ne a shekara. Kwamfutocinmu za su iya tafiyar da wannan, da zarar ingancin ya wanzu.

    An gina a kan: Jikin roba; Rayuwar cikakkiyar ƙwayar halitta, da aka kwaikwaya

    Ya kai ga: An shuka daga kwayoyin halitta; Hankula gauraye; Iri, an rene shi

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-growing

  7. Rabawa (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan kwafin ɗaya daga cikin iyaye ne wanda sai ya yi rayuwarsa. Hanya ce mafi arha da mutane na dijital za su riɓaɓɓanya, tun da babu abin da ya kamata ya girma. Al’ummar em ta Hanson tana gudana a kanta. Ko kwafi yaro ne, ɗan’uwa ko mutum ɗaya, tambaya ce buɗaɗɗiya.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Kwafi yana buƙatar ajiya da hankali mai gudana. Babu girma, kuma babu shekaru ashirin.
    2. Susan Schneider ta yi hujja cewa ɗora hankali kwafi ne a mafi kyau. A wannan ra’ayi kowane rabawa sabon mutum ne da ya fara da abubuwan tunawa na wani. (ta hanyar Wikipedia, ‘Whole brain emulation’)
    3. Kwafi yana sa jama’a su yi girma da sauri ta wuce kowane tushe. Shi ya sa Shulman da Bostrom suke tambaya waɗanne ƙa’idoji za su iyakance shi.

    An gina a kan: Ɗora hankali a kwamfuta; Kwafi a matsayin zuriya

    Ya kai ga: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Masu kwafi da yawa

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-fork

  8. Iri, an rene shi (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan sabon hankali ne da aka shuka daga wurin farawa da aka ƙera kuma iyayensa suka rene. Yaro ne ta hanyar tarbiyya, ba gado ba. Yana ɗaukar ƙarancin lissafi fiye da yaron da aka shuka da kwayoyin halitta kuma yana da ƙarancin ƙuntatawa. Shi ne hanyar da yara za su iya kaucewa mafi nisa daga jinsin iyayensu.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. A Diaspora na Egan yawancin ’yan ƙasa suna girma daga irin hankalin iyayensu, kuma kaɗan daga iri shi kaɗai. Dukansu biyu ana rene su, ba a girka su ba.
    2. Ana iya ƙera iri ya zama duk wani abu da zai iya koyo. Don haka abin da ke sa irin waɗannan yara su kasance mutane shi ne al’adar da aka rene su a ciki, ba ƙirarsu ba.

    An gina a kan: Girma a dijital; Hankula da aka shuka daga iri

    Ya kai ga: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Mazaunan duniyar labari; Wanda ba a iya gane shi

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-seed

  9. An shuka daga kwayoyin halitta (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan ƙwai ne da aka kwaikwaya, kwayoyin halittarsa an haɗa su daga iyaye biyu, aka shuka shi ya zama yaro. Shi ne hanya mafi kusanci da asali kuma nesa ta fi ɗaukar lissafi. A matakin molecular ya wuce kowace kwamfuta da wannan bishiyar ta yi tunani. Don haka a aikace zai zama “girma da bayanin kwayoyin halitta”, da ci gaba mai sauƙi.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Mafi cikakken kwaikwayon sel ya shafi ƙaramar bakteriya ɗaya mai kwayoyin halitta kusan 470. Ya ɗauki processor biyu na zane kwanaki da yawa don zagayen sel ɗaya (2026).
    2. Jikin ɗan adam yana da kusan ƙwayoyin halitta tiriliyan 36, kuma kowanne ya fi ƙaramar bakteriya rikitarwa nesa. (Hatton et al., PNAS 120 (2023))
    3. Don haka ko da processor-day ɗaya ga kowane zagayen sel, rabuwar sel na tayi za su ɗauki kusan processor-days 1013. Samfuran girma marasa cikakken bayani kawai za su iya sa wannan hanya ta yi aiki. Waɗannan za su ɗauki sel a matsayin raka’a, ba molecules ba.

    An gina a kan: Girma a dijital

    Ya kai ga: Tsara ta farko ta asali

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-genome

  10. Hankula gauraye (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan sabon hankali ne da aka yi daga hankulan iyaye biyu. Ba za ka iya haɗa zanen waya kamar yadda kake haɗa kwayoyin halitta ba. Amma kwakwalwa tana girma daga girke-girke ƙanƙani nesa fiye da ita kanta. Don haka haɗawa zai yi aiki a kan girke-girken: ƙa’idodin iyaye na shuka hankali, a haɗa su a sake shuka.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam kusan biliyan 3.1 na base pairs ne, kusan megabytes 775. Amma yana shuka kwakwalwa mai kusan neurons biliyan 86 da synapses 1014 ko fiye. An matse girke-girken sau miliyoyi.
    2. Ba a san ƙa’idar haɗa kwakwalwar manya biyu ba. Wayoyin kowanne an tsara su ne da rayuwarsa.
    3. Don haka yaro gauraye ana shuka shi, ba a haɗa shi ba. Yana fitowa daga girke-girke na haɗaka kuma ana rene shi a duniya. Tasirin iyaye yana zuwa ta gado da tarbiyya, kamar a polises na Egan.

    An gina a kan: Girma a dijital; Ɗora hankali a kwamfuta

    Ya kai ga: Tsara ta farko ta asali; Gungu

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-blend

  11. Tsara ta farko ta asali (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Waɗannan hankula ne da ba su taɓa zama na halitta ba, an haife su kuma aka rene su a sararin roba. Da su, jinsin ya daina zama na halitta da ke ziyartar injuna. Ya zama wanda ke zaune a cikinsu.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Yana buƙatar kowane rukuni na baya: tushe mai ɗorewa, jikuna, hanyar yin yara da duniya da za a rene su a ciki.
    2. Daga nan jama’a za su iya girma da saurin kayan aiki, ba na ɗaukar ciki ba. Shulman da Bostrom suna tsammanin hakan zai matse girma na ƙarni zuwa juzu’in rayuwa.
    3. Hanyoyin da take zuwa ta cikinsu suna tsara abin da take zama. Rassan da ke sama suna biyo daga gare su.

    An gina a kan: An shuka daga kwayoyin halitta; Hankula gauraye; Rabawa; Iri, an rene shi; Tushe da ya fi magina tsawon rai; Raba duniya da hankulan dijital

    Ya kai ga: Mutane na dijital; Masu kwafi da yawa; Gungu; Mazaunan duniyar labari; Wanda ba a iya gane shi

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-native

Kayan aiki

  1. Farashin mantuwa (1961 · Shawara)

    Rolf Landauer ya nuna cewa share bit ɗaya na bayani dole ne ya fitar da zafi aƙalla kT ln 2. Wannan kusan joule 2.9 × 10-21 a yanayin ɗaki. Don haka kowace kwamfuta da ke jefar da bayani tana da mafi ƙarancin farashin makamashi. Farashin yana raguwa daidai gwargwadon yadda zafin yanayi ke raguwa.

    Ya kai ga: Chip da ke dawo da makamashi; Gibin inganci; Lissafi a cikin sanyi

    Tushe: Landauer, ‘Irreversibility and heat generation in the computing process’, IBM Journal of Research and Development 5 (1961); value via Wikipedia, ‘Landauer’s principle’

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=landauer-1961

  2. Injuna masu kwafin kansu (2004 · Shawara)

    Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines na Robert Freitas da Ralph Merkle (2004) ya bincika kowane ƙira mai muhimmanci na injuna da ke gina kwafin kansu. Ya fara daga ka’idar von Neumann a shekarun 1940 zuwa masana’antun da aka ba da shawara a Wata. Gina komai a ma’aunin duniya, nesa da Duniya, ya dogara da wannan tunani, domin babu ma’aikatan ɗan adam da za su iya yi.

    Ya kai ga: Masana’antu masu gina masana’antu

    Tushe: Freitas and Merkle, Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines, Landes Bioscience (2004)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=kinematic-2004

  3. Fusion ignition (Disamba 2022; rikodi Afrilu 2025)

    A Disamba 2022 National Ignition Facility ta fara samun ƙarin makamashin fusion daga capsule ɗin mai (target) fiye da yadda laser ya shigar. A Afrilu 2025 ta kai megajoule 8.6 daga megajoule 2.08 na hasken laser, wato riba ta target 4.13. Ribar tana ƙirga target ɗin kawai. Laser suna ja da yawa fiye da haka daga grid.

    Ya kai ga: Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya

    Tushe: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, ‘How ICF works’

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=nif-2022

  4. Duniya mai natsuwa (2018–2022)

    Jirgin saukar InSight na NASA ya yi rikodin girgizar Mars fiye da 1,300. Mafi girma, S1222a a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2022, ita ce magnitude 4.7. Mars tana da faranti ɗaya mai tauri kuma babu motsin tectonic, don haka ƙasarta ta fi ta Duniya shiru nesa. Hakan yana da muhimmanci ga duk abin da aka gina don ya daɗe.

    Ya kai ga: Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya

    Tushe: Live Science, ‘Largest marsquake ever detected’ (2022), reporting InSight results

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=insight-2022

  5. Bayanai a Wata (Maris 2025)

    Lonestar Data Holdings ya aika cibiyar bayanai mai nauyin kilogram 1 mai terabytes 8 zuwa Wata. Ta hau jirgin saukar IM-2 na Intuitive Machines, wanda ya sauka a ranar 6 ga Maris 2025 ya faɗi a cikin rami, ya kawo ƙarshen manufar. Kamfanin ya ce kayansa ya yi aiki. Shi ne ƙoƙari na farko na adana bayanai a wata duniya.

    Ya kai ga: Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya

    Tushe: IEEE Spectrum, ‘Data center on the Moon’

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=lonestar-2025

  6. Chip na cibiyar bayanai a falaki (2 ga Nuwamba 2025)

    Starcloud-1 tauraron ɗan adam ne mai nauyin kusan kilogram 60 mai processor ɗaya na zane na cibiyar bayanai. Ya kai falaki a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2025. Project Suncatcher na Google yana shirin tauraron ɗan adam na gwaji da nasa chips na AI don 2027. Ya ce lissafi a falaki yana biya a ƙarƙashin farashin harba na ƙasa da dala 200 a kilogram.

    Ya kai ga: Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya

    Tushe: DatacenterDynamics, ‘Starcloud-1 satellite reaches space’ (2025)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=starcloud-2025

  7. Chip da ke dawo da makamashi (2025)

    Chip na gwaji na Vaire Computing mai suna Ice River, da aka gina a tsari na nanometre 22, ya dawo da wani ɓangare na makamashin da ya yi amfani da shi. Abin dawowa ya kasance 1.77 a array na capacitor da 1.41 a adder. Ya yi amfani da kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari ƙasa da makamashi fiye da makamancinsa na yau da kullum. Yana nuna cewa da’irorin reversible za su iya aiki a silicon. Har yanzu ba processor ba ne.

    An gina a kan: Farashin mantuwa

    Ya kai ga: Reversible computing

    Tushe: Science News, ‘Low-power, high-tech: energy-efficient computing’ (2025)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=vaire-2025

  8. Kwamfutoci mafi sauri, 2026 (Yuni 2026)

    Jerin TOP500 na Yuni 2026 yana da LineShine a Shenzhen a gaba, da ayyuka 2.198 × 1018 a daƙiƙa. El Capitan na biye da 1.809 × 1018. Na’ura mafi inganci, KAIROS a Toulouse, tana yin ayyuka 73.28 × 109 a kowane joule. Kwakwalwa tana aiki da kusan watt 20.

    Ya kai ga: Gibin inganci

    Tushe: TOP500, June 2026 list; Green500, June 2026

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=exascale-2026

  9. Gibin inganci (alkaluman 2026 · Hasashen kai)

    Ɗauki hankalin ɗan adam ɗaya a kiyasin tsakiya na nauyin aikin kwakwalwa, ka gudanar da shi a kan kwamfuta mafi inganci ta yau. Yana buƙatar kusan kilowatt 14. Kwakwalwa tana yin sa da watt 20, kusan sau 700 ƙasa. A matakin neurons masu bugawa adadin kusan megawatt 14 ne ga kowane hankali.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Kusan ayyuka 1015 a daƙiƙa ya fi yiwuwa ya isa ya daidaita kwakwalwa fiye da akasin haka. (Carlsmith, How Much Computational Power Does It Take to Match the Human Brain? (2020))
    2. Taswirar kwaikwayon kwakwalwa ta sanya samfurin neurons masu bugawa kusan ayyuka 1018 a daƙiƙa, da bayanin lantarki a 1022. (Sandberg and Bostrom, Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap (2008), table 2, as reproduced on Wikipedia)
    3. 1015 ÷ 73.28 × 109 ayyuka a kowane joule ≈ watt 13,600. 1018 ≈ megawatt 13.6. Idan aka kwatanta da watt 20, wannan kusan sau 700 ne da sau 700,000.

    An gina a kan: Kwamfutoci mafi sauri, 2026; Farashin mantuwa

    Ya kai ga: Lissafi a ingancin kwakwalwa

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-gap

  10. Nanotechnology na molecule (2010–2030s · Hasashe)

    Gida: Bishiyar fasaha.

    A shekarun 1990 da 2000, masu hasashe sun sanya haɗa kwayoyin molecular da za a iya tsarawa da nanobots masu shiga kwakwalwa a 2010–2029. An yi hasashen haɗa diamondoid a 2010–2015 kuma ba a nuna shi ba. Don haka wannan rikodin kwanaki ne da suka wuce.

    Ya kai ga: Nanorobots na likita; Mu’amalar kwakwalwa ta nanorobot

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=s-nanotech

  11. Reversible computing (2027–2040 · Hasashe)

    Gida: Bishiyar fasaha.

    Reversible logic yana guje wa mafi ƙarancin makamashin Landauer na share bits. Ana ba da shawarar shi a matsayin hanyar lissafi da yawa a kowane watt. Wani sabon kamfani ya yi hasashen chip na inference na farko a 2027 da ribar inganci sau 4,000 bayan shekaru 10 zuwa 15. Hira da ƙwararre ta 2014 ba ta tsammanin amfani mai yawa zuwa 2030 ba.

    An gina a kan: Chip da ke dawo da makamashi

    Ya kai ga: Lissafi a ingancin kwakwalwa

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=s-reversible

  12. Lissafi a ingancin kwakwalwa (kusan 2050 (kiyasin shafin) · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan kayan aiki ne da ke gudanar da hankali a kusan ƙarfin kwakwalwa kanta. A kan tsarin inganci na kwanan nan, mafi sauƙin kwaikwayo yana isa nan kusan 2050. Matakin neurons masu bugawa yana buƙatar lissafi mai komawa baya ko mai sanyi sosai, domin kayan aiki na yau da kullum suna kaiwa ƙasan zahiri da farko.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Lissafi a kowane joule ya ninka kusan kowane shekaru 1.6 har zuwa 2000, kuma kusan kowane shekaru 2.6 tun daga lokacin. (Koomey et al., IEEE Annals of the History of Computing (2011), and later updates)
    2. Ribar sau 700 kusan ninkin 9.5 ne. A shekaru 2.6 kowanne, wannan kusan shekaru 25 ne, don haka kusan 2050 don ayyuka 1015 a daƙiƙa a watt 20.
    3. Don ayyuka 1018 a daƙiƙa a watt 20, kowane aiki zai iya amfani da kusan joule 2 × 10-17. Wannan yana cikin kusan sau 10,000 na mafi ƙarancin Landauer don share bit ɗaya a yanayin ɗaki. Aikin lissafi yana share bits da yawa, don haka kayan aiki na yau da kullum suna tsayawa kusa da nan. Bayan haka, kwamfuta mai komawa baya ko kayan aiki masu sanyi ne kaɗai za su iya ci gaba.

    An gina a kan: Gibin inganci; Reversible computing

    Ya kai ga: Wuta ga hankula biliyan goma; Kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-brainwatt

  13. Wuta ga hankula biliyan goma (lissafin shafin · Hasashen kai)

    Hankula biliyan goma a kayan aikin yau za su buƙaci kusan terawatt 140. Wannan sau bakwai ne na dukan makamashin da bil’adama ke amfani da shi. A ingancin kwakwalwa za su buƙaci kusan gigawatt 200, kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na shi. Abin da ke iyakance sanya jama’a cikin sararin roba shi ne inganci, ba duba ba.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Wadatar makamashin duniya a 2025 ta wuce exajoule 600, kusan terawatt 19 a matsakaita. (Energy Institute, Statistical Review of World Energy 2026, as reported by DieselNet)
    2. hankula 1010 × kilowatt 14 = 1.4 × 1014 watt, wato terawatt 140. Wannan kusan sau bakwai ne na terawatt 19.
    3. 1010 × watt 20 = 2 × 1011 watt, wato gigawatt 200. Wannan kusan kashi 1 cikin ɗari na makamashin duniya ne. Hakan kuma kusan sau huɗu ne na abin da cibiyoyin bayanai na duniya suka ja a 2024 (terawatt-awa 415, kusan gigawatt 47). (IEA, Energy and AI (2025))

    An gina a kan: Lissafi a ingancin kwakwalwa

    Ya kai ga: Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya; Zaɓin zama

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-population

  14. Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya (kwatancen shafin · Hasashen kai)

    Duniya za ta ci gaba da zama wuri mafi arha na lissafi na dogon lokaci. Tana da masana’antu, wuta da iska da za a yi sanyaya da ita. A wajen Duniya, zafi shi ne iyaka. A cikin vacuum kwamfuta za ta iya kawar da zafi ne kawai ta hanyar fitarwa. Don haka zaɓin wuri yana dogara ne a kan wuta, sanyaya, mafaka da jinkirin ga mai amfani da shi.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Mai fitar da zafi cikakke a yanayin ɗaki yana zubar da kusan watt 459 a kowace murabba’in mita a kowane gefe. Don haka megawatt ɗaya yana buƙatar kusan murabba’in mita 2,200, kuma gigawatt 200 za su buƙaci kusan murabba’in kilomita 440. Falaki da Wata suna iyakantuwa ta yawan zafin da za su iya fitarwa.
    2. Falaki yana da hasken rana kusan marar yankewa (watt 1,361 a kowace murabba’in mita) da jinkirin milisakan. Amma yana da radiation da kuɗin harba. Chip na farko ya hau a 2025.
    3. Wata yana da nisan daƙiƙun haske 1.28. Wannan ya kusa isa a ziyarci duniyar da ke gudana a can kai tsaye. Ramukansa da ke cikin inuwa har abada, a 25–40 K, su ne mafi sanyin wuraren zubar zafi kusa da Duniya. Amma ba sa samun hasken rana, kuma yawancin wurare suna da dare na kwanaki 14.
    4. Mars tana samun kashi 43% na hasken rana na Duniya, kuma guguwar ƙurarta za ta iya rage hakan zuwa kusan komai. Ɗaya ta kawo ƙarshen rover ɗin Opportunity a 2018. Don haka tana buƙatar fission ko fusion. Fusion ya kai riba ta target 4, amma har yanzu bai sa wuta a grid ba.

    An gina a kan: Chip na cibiyar bayanai a falaki; Bayanai a Wata; Duniya mai natsuwa; Fusion ignition; Wuta ga hankula biliyan goma

    Ya kai ga: Mars, wuri na hanya ɗaya; Masana’antu masu gina masana’antu

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-offworld

  15. Mars, wuri na hanya ɗaya (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Kwamfuta a ƙarƙashin ƙasar Mars za ta samu gida mafi kwanciyar hankali a cikin tsarin hasken rana na ciki. Babu motsin faranti na ƙasa, girgizar ƙasa ƙanana ce, kuma dutsen yana kare ta daga radiation. Amma Mars tana da nisan mintunan haske 3 zuwa 22 daga Duniya, don haka babu wanda ke Duniya da zai iya rayuwa a cikin duniyar da ke gudana a can a ainihin lokaci. Mars ta dace da hankula da suka haye gaba ɗaya kuma ba sa dawowa.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. An yi rikodin girgizar Mars fiye da 1,300. Mafi girma ita ce magnitude 4.7. Mars tana da faranti ɗaya mai tauri kuma babu motsin tectonic. (InSight results via Live Science)
    2. Radiation na saman kusan millisieverts 0.64 a rana, kusan sau ɗari na bangon Duniya. Don haka kwamfutoci suna shiga ƙarƙashin ƙasa, cikin lava tubes ko dakunan da aka haƙa. (Hassler et al., Science 343 (2014), Curiosity RAD)
    3. Iskar kusan pascals 600 ce, ƙasa da kashi 1% na ta Duniya, don haka tana sanyaya da rauni. Zafi zai shiga cikin ƙanƙarar da aka binne da masu fitar da zafi na saman da ke fuskantar sararin sama mai sanyi.
    4. Tattaunawa tana buƙatar amsoshi cikin juzu’in daƙiƙa. Jinkirin haske minti 3 zuwa 22 ne a kowace hanya, tare da makonni na rashin sadarwa kusa da conjunction. Don haka waɗanda ke zaune a can ne kaɗai ke rayuwa a duniyar da ke Mars. Wuri ne na hanya ɗaya, kuma gida na biyu na wayewa, nesa da haɗarin Duniya.

    An gina a kan: Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya

    Ya kai ga: Tushe da ya fi magina tsawon rai

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-mars

  16. Masana’antu masu gina masana’antu (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Waɗannan injuna ne da ke haƙa, tace da gina ƙarin kansu, ciki har da kwamfutoci. A ma’aunin duniya, nesa da Duniya, babu wani ma’aikata. Don haka manyan tushe sun dogara da wannan mataki.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Freitas da Merkle sun bincika kowane ƙira mai muhimmanci na injuna masu kwafin kansu har zuwa 2004. Ba a gina wanda ke kwafin kansa daga kayan ɗanye ba.
    2. Mai kwafin kansa da ke ninkawa kowace shekara yana girma sau dubu cikin shekaru goma da sau miliyan cikin ashirin. Haka iri da aka aika daga Duniya zai iya zama kwamfuta mai girman duniya cikin shekaru goma-goma. Lokacin ninkawa shi ne abin da ba a sani ba.

    An gina a kan: Injuna masu kwafin kansu; Inda kwamfutoci ke tafiya

    Ya kai ga: Tushe da ya fi magina tsawon rai; Kwamfuta mai girman tauraro

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-replicators

  17. Tushe da ya fi magina tsawon rai (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan kayan aiki ne da hankulan da ke zaune a ciki ke kulawa, gyarawa da maye gurbinsa, cikin tsararraki. Ana maye gurbin sabar yau kowace shekaru kaɗan. Duniyar da aka nufa ta ɗauki iyalai tsawon ƙarni dole ta gyara kanta da sauri fiye da yadda take lalacewa.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Guntun ƙwaƙwalwa suna fama da kurakurai daga ƙwayoyin da suka ɓace ko a Duniya. Adadin ya yi yawa har cibiyoyin bayanai suna buƙatar gyaran kuskure. A Mars da sararin samaniya adadin ya fi haka. (Schroeder, Pinheiro and Weber, ‘DRAM errors in the wild’, SIGMETRICS (2009))
    2. Don haka tushe mai ɗorewa yana buƙatar kwafi na ajiya, dubawa kullum da tushen kera a cikinsa. Hakan yana nufin masu kwafin kansu, da aka mayar da su kulawa.

    An gina a kan: Masana’antu masu gina masana’antu; Mars, wuri na hanya ɗaya

    Ya kai ga: Tsara ta farko ta asali

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-outlive

  18. Kwamfuta mai girman tauraro (kimanin 2250 ko bayansa · Hasashe)

    Gida: Bishiyar fasaha.

    Dyson (1960) ya ba da shawarar cewa wayewa masu ci gaba za su kama hasken tauraro. Bradbury (1997–99) ya faɗaɗa wannan zuwa kwasfa masu cikin juna da suke gudanar da kwamfutoci a kan zafin da tauraro ke watsarwa. Kiyasin da aka ba da kwanan wata da muka samu ɗaya ne kawai, na Bradbury. Kusan 2250 ne idan yanayin samar da silicon na yanzu ya ci gaba, kuma cikin dubban shekaru kaɗan a mafi yawa.

    An gina a kan: Masana’antu masu gina masana’antu

    Ya kai ga: Lissafi a cikin sanyi

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=s-matrioshka

  19. Lissafi a cikin sanyi (nesa a gaba · Hasashen kai)

    Mafi ƙarancin farashin share bit yana raguwa yayin da yanayin zafi ke raguwa. Don haka nan gaba mai nisa na lissafi sanyi ne. Ka yi tunanin kwasfa a kusa da tauraro suna aiki a kelvin kaɗan, ko hankula da ke jiran sararin samaniya ya yi sanyi. A 3 K bit yana kashe kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na abin da yake kashewa a yanayin ɗaki.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. kT ln 2 kusan joule 2.9 × 10-21 ne a 300 K da joule 2.9 × 10-23 a 3 K. Wannan tanadi ne na sau ɗari.
    2. Sandberg, Armstrong da Ćirković sun yi hujja cewa wayewa za ta iya samun riba mai yawa ta hanyar jira har sararin samaniya ya yi sanyi kafin ta yi mafi yawan lissafinta. (Sandberg, Armstrong and Ćirković, ‘That is not dead which can eternal lie’, JBIS 69, arXiv:1705.03394 (2017))

    An gina a kan: Kwamfuta mai girman tauraro; Farashin mantuwa

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-cold

Hankali

  1. Daskarewa ta farko (Jan 1967 · Shawara)

    James Bedford, ritayayyen farfesan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, an daskarar da shi a Janairu 1967, jim kaɗan bayan mutuwarsa. Shi ne karo na farko da aka yi hakan ga mutum. A nan ne ƙungiyar cryonics ta fara da gaske.

    Ya kai ga: An adana kwakwalwar zomo

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “James Bedford”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=bedford-1967

  2. Dukan wayoyin tsutsa (1986)

    White, Southgate, Thomson da Brenner sun buga zanen wayoyin tsarin jijiyoyi na roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Sun gina shi daga jerin hotunan electron microscope. Har yanzu shi ne cikakken connectome na farko na kowace dabba.

    Ya kai ga: An zana rabin kwakwalwar kuda; Milimita cubic ɗaya na bera

    Tushe: White et al., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 314 (1986)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=celegans-connectome-1986

  3. Neuron bayan neuron (1988; 1995 · Shawara)

    A Mind Children (1988) Hans Moravec ya yi tunanin likitan tiyata na mutum-mutumi yana maye gurbin neurons na majiyyaci mai sani ɗaya bayan ɗaya da na lantarki. Hankalin zai koma sabon tushe ba tare da lokacin kwafi ba. Hujjar ‘fading qualia’ ta David Chalmers (1995) tana amfani da maye gurbin iri ɗaya. Ya yi hujja cewa ƙwarewa ba za ta iya dushewa ba yayin da hali ya kasance iri ɗaya.

    Ya kai ga: Haye a mataki-mataki

    Tushe: Chalmers, ‘Absent Qualia, Fading Qualia, Dancing Qualia’, in Metzinger (ed.), Conscious Experience (1995), pp. 309–328

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=gradual-idea

  4. Human Brain Project (2013–2023 · Ya tsaya)

    Yana kuma cikin Bishiyar kwaikwayo.

    A 2013 EU ta ƙaddamar da Human Brain Project, babban ƙoƙari na shekaru goma don kwaikwayon kwakwalwar ɗan adam. Ya ƙare a 2023. Kayan aikinsa suna ci gaba a matsayin EBRAINS.

    Dalilin da ya sa ya tsaya: Masana kimiyyar jijiyoyi sun soki shi saboda yin alƙawarin da yawa game da kwaikwayon cikakkiyar kwakwalwa. An rage manufofinsa.

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Human Brain Project”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=human-brain-project-2013

  5. Expansion microscopy (Jan 2015)

    Chen, Tillberg da Boyden sun faɗaɗa kyallen da aka adana a zahiri a cikin polymer mai kumbura. Hakan ya bar na’urorin hangen nesa na yau da kullum su ga tsare-tsare a ma’aunin nano. Dabarar ta zama kayan aikin zana hanyoyin jijiyoyi.

    Ya kai ga: Cikakken connectome na bera

    Tushe: Chen et al., Science 347 (2015)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=expansion-microscopy-2015

  6. Cortical microcircuit (Okt 2015)

    Yana kuma cikin Bishiyar kwaikwayo.

    Blue Brain Project ya ba da rahoton sake ginawa da kwaikwayon dijital na wani ɓangaren sensory cortex na bera. Yana da kusan neurons 31,000 da synapses miliyan 37. Takardar ta bayyana a Cell 163.

    Ya kai ga: Kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya

    Tushe: Markram et al., Cell 163 (2015)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=blue-brain-2015

  7. An adana kwakwalwar zomo (Fab 2016)

    McIntyre da Fahy sun yi amfani da hanyar da ke gyara kyallen da aldehyde kafin a daskarar da shi. Ta kiyaye tsarin ƙanana-ƙanana na dukan kwakwalwar zomo, ciki har da synapses, don ajiya na dogon lokaci. Ta ci kyautar ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ta Brain Preservation Foundation a 2016.

    An gina a kan: Daskarewa ta farko

    Ya kai ga: An adana kwakwalwar alade

    Tushe: PopSci, “Researchers Have Preserved An Entire Rabbit Brain”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=asc-rabbit-2016

  8. An adana kwakwalwar alade (Mar 2018)

    A Maris 2018 kyautar manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa ta Brain Preservation Foundation ta tafi ga 21st Century Medicine (Robert McIntyre da Greg Fahy). Sun adana haɗin synaptic a kan dukan kwakwalwar alade. McIntyre daga nan ya kafa Nectome tare da wasu.

    An gina a kan: An adana kwakwalwar zomo

    Ya kai ga: Zana kwakwalwar ɗan adam

    Tushe: Fight Aging!, 2018

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=bpf-pig-2018

  9. An zana rabin kwakwalwar kuda (Sat 2020)

    Janelia da Google sun ba da rahoton connectome mai yawa na electron-microscope na kusan kashi ɗaya cikin uku na kwakwalwar kuda. Ya rufe kusan neurons 25,000 da fiye da synapses miliyan 20. Takardar ta bayyana a eLife.

    An gina a kan: Dukan wayoyin tsutsa

    Ya kai ga: An zana cikakkiyar kwakwalwar kuda

    Tushe: Scheffer et al., eLife (2020)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=hemibrain-2020

  10. An zana cikakkiyar kwakwalwar kuda (Okt 2024)

    Ƙungiyar FlyWire ta buga cikakken connectome na farko na kwakwalwar kuda babba, a Nature. Yana da kusan neurons 140,000 da fiye da synapses miliyan 50.

    An gina a kan: An zana rabin kwakwalwar kuda

    Ya kai ga: Samfurin kwakwalwar kuda; Cikakken connectome na bera

    Tushe: Dorkenwald et al., Nature (2024)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=flywire-2024

  11. Samfurin kwakwalwar kuda (Okt 2024)

    Shiu da abokan aikinsa sun gina sauƙaƙƙen samfurin spiking daga FlyWire connectome, mai rufe fiye da neurons 125,000. Ya yi hasashen yadda kuda zai amsa abin da yake ji da yadda zai motsa. Samfurin ba shi da jiki.

    An gina a kan: An zana cikakkiyar kwakwalwar kuda

    Ya kai ga: Kwakwalwar kuda da aka ba jiki; Kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya

    Tushe: Shiu et al., Nature (2024)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=fly-brain-model-2024

  12. Milimita cubic ɗaya na bera (Afr 2025)

    A Afrilu 2025 ƙungiyar MICrONS ta buga taswirar wayoyi mai aiki ta milimita cubic ɗaya na visual cortex na bera. Da farko sun yi amfani da calcium imaging a kan kusan neurons 75,000. Sannan suka sake gina fiye da ƙwayoyin halitta 200,000, ciki har da glia, daga hotunan electron microscope. Taswirar tana da kusan synapses miliyan 523, daga petabytes 1.6 na hotuna. An gano neurons masu amsa iri ɗaya suna haɗuwa da juna fiye da sauran.

    An gina a kan: Dukan wayoyin tsutsa

    Ya kai ga: Cikakken connectome na bera

    Tushe: MICrONS Explorer, cortical mm³ dataset

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=microns-2025

  13. Kwakwalwar kuda da aka ba jiki (Afr 2026 · Shawara)

    Eon Systems sun ba da rahoton haɗa samfurin kwakwalwar kuda da aka gina daga connectome da jiki da aka kwaikwaya da fiziks. Kudar da aka kwaikwaya ta yi tafiya, ta yi gyaran jiki kuma ta ci abinci. Labarai suna kwatanta shi a matsayin nunin kamfani.

    An gina a kan: Samfurin kwakwalwar kuda

    Ya kai ga: Jikin roba

    Tushe sun bar wannan kwanan wata ko da’awa ba tabbatacciya ba.

    Tushe: ISPR summary of Eon Systems demo

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=eon-fly-body-2026

  14. Cikakken connectome na bera (2029–2038 · Hasashe)

    Wannan cikakkun wayoyin kwakwalwar bera ne, kusan milimita cubic 450. Mafi girman yanki da aka zana har yanzu milimita cubic ɗaya ne. Duba bayanan electron-microscope da hannu ana kiyasta kusan shekarun mutum 100,000. Shi ya sa hasashen ya dogara da sababbin hanyoyi.

    An gina a kan: Milimita cubic ɗaya na bera; An zana cikakkiyar kwakwalwar kuda; Expansion microscopy

    Ya kai ga: Zana kwakwalwar ɗan adam

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=f-mouse

  15. Kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya (2050–2075 · Gada)

    Yana kuma cikin Bishiyar fasaha da Bishiyar kwaikwayo.

    Taswirar FHI ta 2008 ta yi hukunci cewa kwaikwayo yana yiwuwa kafin tsakiyar ƙarni sai idan samfuran matakin electrophysiological sun isa. Cikakken bayani mai zurfi zai ɗauki tsawon lokaci. Samfurin Monte Carlo na 2014 ya ba da tsakiyar 2064, idan har zai faru. Tsakiyar al’ummar Metaculus kusan 2073.

    An gina a kan: Zana kwakwalwar ɗan adam; Lissafi a ingancin kwakwalwa; Samfurin kwakwalwar kuda; Cortical microcircuit

    Ya kai ga: Tabbatar da cewa shi ne mutumin; Ɗora hankali a kwamfuta

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=s-wbe

  16. Zana kwakwalwar ɗan adam (2060–2080 (kiyasin shafin) · Hasashen kai)

    Babu wanda ya buga kwanan wata na zana dukan kwakwalwar ɗan adam. Bisa alkaluman bera, aiki ne kusan sau 2,700 mafi girma, da kusan zettabytes biyu na hotuna. Yana biye da bera da kusan shekaru 35, idan zana yana ƙaruwa sau goma a kowace shekaru goma.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Milimita cubic ɗaya na cortex na bera da aka zana a 2025 ya samar da petabytes 1.6 na hotuna. (Allen Institute, MICrONS release (April 2025))
    2. Kwakwalwar bera kusan milimita cubic 450 ce. Ta ɗan adam kusan miliyan 1.2 ce, wato kusan sau 2,700. A ƙuduri iri ɗaya wannan kusan zettabytes 1.9 na hotuna ne.
    3. Wannan zato ne, na shafin kansa: saurin zana yana ƙaruwa sau goma a kowace shekaru goma. Aikin sau 2,700 sai ya ɗauki kusan shekaru goma 3.4 bayan bera (hasashe 2029–2038), don haka 2063–2072. Mun faɗaɗa hakan a nan zuwa 2060–2080.
    4. Gyaran hannu shi ne cikas yanzu. Yana ɗaukar kusan shekarun mutum 100,000 ga bera ɗaya. Don haka wannan kwanan wata ya dogara da gyara na atomatik. (Wellcome, ‘Scaling up connectomics’ (2023))

    An gina a kan: Cikakken connectome na bera; An adana kwakwalwar alade

    Ya kai ga: Kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-connectome

  17. Ɗora hankali a kwamfuta (2060s–2100+ · Hasashe)

    Gida: Bishiyar kwaikwayo.

    Ɗora hankali shi ne mataki bayan kwaikwayo. Yana nufin duba kwakwalwar wani takamaiman mutum da gudanar da ita. Masu hasashe suna sanya shi bayan kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya. Kwanakin da aka buga sun fara daga shekarun 2060 zuwa kusan ƙarni daga yanzu. Wasu sun ce yana bayan iyakar AI ta kusa.

    An gina a kan: Kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya; Tabbatar da cewa shi ne mutumin

    Ya kai ga: Jikin roba; Hankula gauraye; Rabawa; Zaɓin zama

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=s-upload

  18. Tabbatar da cewa shi ne mutumin (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan gwaji ne da ke nuna cewa kwaikwayo shi ne mutumin da aka yi shi daga gare shi, ba kwafi mai gamsarwa ba. Babu hanyar da ta wanzu. Ba tare da ɗaya ba, kowane ɗora hankali kwafi ne da ba a tabbatar ba, kuma shawarar a duba ta dogara ne da amana.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Ana iya duba hali: amsoshi, ƙwarewa da abubuwan tunawa a kan bayanai. Samfurin mutane 1,052 na gaske ya riga ya dace da amsoshin bincikensu da kashi 85% kamar yadda suka dace da nasu amsoshin bayan makonni biyu. Don haka daidaita hali kaɗai ba ta tabbatar da komai sosai.
    2. Ba za a iya duba ƙwarewa daga waje ba, idan hujjar zombie ta tabbata. Rahoton kwaikwayon da kansa shi ne shaida ɗaya tilo, kuma kwafi zai ba da irin wannan rahoto.
    3. Don haka tabbatarwa mai yiwuwa ta zamantakewa ce, ba ta fasaha ba. Mutum, iyalinsa da doka za su amince da ita tun da farko.

    An gina a kan: Kwaikwayon kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya

    Ya kai ga: Ɗora hankali a kwamfuta

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-validation

  19. Haye a mataki-mataki (undated · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan ƙarshen hanyar a hankali ne. Ana maye gurbin neurons ko a karɓe su ɗaya bayan ɗaya yayin da mutumin yake a farke, har sai babu abin halitta da ya rage. Yana amsa “shin har yanzu ni ne?” ta hanyar rashin samun lokacin kwafi. Shi ya sa mutane da yawa da ke ƙin ɗora hankali suka karɓe shi.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Likitan tiyata na mutum-mutumi na Moravec da fading qualia na Chalmers suna bayyana hanyar. Babu hasashe mai kwanan wata a kanta.
    2. Yana buƙatar na’ura a ma’aunin neuron ɗaya wanda zai iya karɓar aikin kowanne a wurinsa. Hakan yana nufin mu’amalar nanorobot da samfurin aiki na kowane nau’in neuron.
    3. Don haka yana zuwa bayan mu’amalar nano (da aka yi hasashe a wannan ƙarni) da samfuran neuron masu matakin kwaikwayo. Ya fi dubawa jinkiri amma ba ya bar kwafi a baya.

    An gina a kan: Neuron bayan neuron; Exocortex; Mu’amalar kwakwalwa ta nanorobot

    Ya kai ga: Zaɓin zama

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-gradual

Kwakwalwa

  1. Neuron ɗaya, an horar da shi (1969 · Shawara)

    Eberhard Fetz ya nuna a Science cewa birai za su iya koyon sa neurons ɗaya a motor cortex ɗinsu su yi harbi da sauri idan an ba su lada a kai. Mutane suna ambatonsa sau da yawa a matsayin shaida ta farko ta tunanin da ke bayan mu’amalar kwakwalwa da na’ura.

    Ya kai ga: An fassara motsin hannu

    Tushe: Fetz, Science 163 (1969)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=fetz-1969

  2. Deep brain stimulation (1987)

    A shekarun 1980 Alim-Louis Benabid da abokan aikinsa sun fara jinyar rawar jiki da motsa wutar lantarki mai yawan mita a zurfin kwakwalwa. FDA ta amince da deep brain stimulation ga rawar jiki ta asali a 1997 da cutar Parkinson a 2002.

    An gina a kan: Pacemaker da aka dasa

    Ya kai ga: Rubuta kowane azanci

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Deep brain stimulation”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=dbs-benabid-1987

  3. Utah electrode array (1991)

    Ƙungiyar Richard Normann a Jami’ar Utah ta gina array na silicon mai ƙananan electrodes 100 a grid 10 × 10, don yin rikodi daga cortex. Blackrock Microsystems ya sami lasisinsa. Ya zama daidaitaccen dashe don binciken mu’amalar kwakwalwa ta ɗan adam a cikin cortex.

    Ya kai ga: Mai nuni (cursor) da aka motsa da tunani; Majiyyacin Neuralink na farko

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Utah array”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=utah-array-1991

  4. An fassara motsin hannu (Nuw 2000)

    Nicolelis da abokan aikinsa sun ba da rahoto a Nature cewa ƙungiyoyin neurons da aka yi rikodinsu a birai za su iya hasashen motsin hannu a ainihin lokaci. Sun kuma yi amfani da siginar da aka fassara don tuƙa hannun mutum-mutumi. Takardar ta sa fassara neurons da yawa tare ta zama tushen kayan maye gurbin da kwakwalwa ke sarrafawa.

    An gina a kan: Neuron ɗaya, an horar da shi

    Ya kai ga: Mai nuni (cursor) da aka motsa da tunani

    Tushe: Wessberg et al., Nature 408 (2000)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=wessberg-2000

  5. Mai nuni (cursor) da aka motsa da tunani (Yul 2006)

    Hochberg da abokan aikinsa sun ba da rahoto a Nature cewa Matthew Nagle, wani mutum mai tetraplegia, ya motsa siginar kwamfuta da hannun mutum-mutumi mai sauƙi. Ya yi amfani da array mai electrodes 96 da aka dasa a motor cortex ɗinsa. Shi ne sakamakon farko da aka buga daga gwajin matukin BrainGate.

    An gina a kan: Utah electrode array; An fassara motsin hannu

    Ya kai ga: Hannun mutum-mutumi ta tunani; An fassara rubutun hannu

    Tushe: Hochberg et al., Nature 442 (2006)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=braingate-2006

  6. Hannun mutum-mutumi ta tunani (Mayu 2012)

    Mutane biyu masu tetraplegia sun yi amfani da siginar BrainGate don kai hannu su kama abubuwa da hannun mutum-mutumi. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya sha daga kwalba. Sakamakon ya bayyana a Nature 485.

    An gina a kan: Mai nuni (cursor) da aka motsa da tunani

    Ya kai ga: Hannu mai haɗi bakwai ta tunani

    Tushe: Hochberg et al., Nature 485 (2012)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=braingate-arm-2012

  7. Hannu mai haɗi bakwai ta tunani (Fab 2013)

    Wata ƙungiya ta Jami’ar Pittsburgh ta ba da rahoto a The Lancet cewa wata mace mai tetraplegia ta sarrafa hannu na roba mai digiri bakwai na ’yanci. Ta yi amfani da arrays biyu da aka dasa. Hakan ya faɗaɗa sarrafawa zuwa juya wuyan hannu da siffanta hannu.

    An gina a kan: Hannun mutum-mutumi ta tunani

    Tushe: Collinger et al., The Lancet 381 (2013)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=collinger-2013

  8. An fassara rubutun hannu (Mayu 2021)

    Willett da abokan aikinsa sun fassara rubutun hannu da aka yi ƙoƙarin yi daga motor cortex na wani mahalarci mai shanyewar jiki. Sun kai kusan haruffa 90 a minti, kai tsaye. Takardar ta bayyana a Nature 593.

    An gina a kan: Mai nuni (cursor) da aka motsa da tunani

    Ya kai ga: Magana a kalmomi 62 a minti; Magana da avatar

    Tushe: Willett et al., Nature 593 (2021)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=handwriting-bci-2021

  9. Magana a kalmomi 62 a minti (Agu 2023)

    Wata ƙungiya da Stanford ke jagoranta ta fassara maganar da aka yi ƙoƙarin yi daga arrays da aka dasa a wani mahalarci mai ALS. Ta yi aiki a kalmomi 62 a minti. Kuskuren kalma ya kasance kashi 9.1% da kalmomi 50 na ƙamus da 23.8% da kalmomi 125,000 na ƙamus.

    An gina a kan: An fassara rubutun hannu

    Ya kai ga: Exocortex

    Tushe: Willett et al., Nature 620 (2023)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=speech-bci-willett-2023

  10. Magana da avatar (Agu 2023)

    Wata ƙungiya ta UCSF–Berkeley ta fassara rubutu, magana da aka haɗa da motsin fuskar avatar na dijital. Sun karanta sigina daga saman kwakwalwa, a wata mace mai tsananin shanyewar jiki. Rubutu ya fito a tsakiyar kalmomi 78 a minti.

    An gina a kan: An fassara rubutun hannu

    Ya kai ga: Exocortex

    Tushe: Metzger et al., Nature 620 (2023)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=speech-bci-metzger-2023

  11. Dashe ta jijiyar jini (2019–2023)

    Stentrode na Synchron yana shiga ta jijiyar wuya zuwa jijiyar jini a saman kwakwalwa, don haka ba a buƙatar tiyata ta buɗe. Binciken SWITCH ya dasa mutane huɗu masu tsananin shanyewar jiki a Ostiraliya. Ya ba da rahoton sakamakon tsaro a JAMA Neurology a 2023.

    Ya kai ga: Dashe ta jijiya, binciken Amurka

    Tushe: Mitchell et al., JAMA Neurology (2023)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=synchron-switch-2023

  12. Dashe ta jijiya, binciken Amurka (Okt 2024)

    Synchron ya ba da rahoton sakamakon watanni 12 daga COMMAND, binciken majiyyata shida na Amurka. Babu wani mummunan tasiri da ya shafi na’ura. Matsakaicin lokacin sanya na’urar mintuna 20. Mahalarta sun yi amfani da niyyar motsi da aka fassara don yin ayyukan dijital.

    An gina a kan: Dashe ta jijiyar jini

    Ya kai ga: Mu’amala mai faɗin bandwidth

    Tushe: MassDevice, COMMAND study results

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=synchron-command-2024

  13. An ba da izinin dashe mai sirara (Afr 2025)

    A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2025 Precision Neuroscience ya sami izinin FDA 510(k) don Layer 7 Cortical Interface. Array ne mai sirara mai electrodes 1,024, da aka ba da izini don dashen har zuwa kwanaki 30. Yana ɗaya daga cikin sassan mu’amalar kwakwalwa mara waya wadda har yanzu ana ci gaba da haɓaka ta.

    Ya kai ga: Mu’amala mai faɗin bandwidth

    Tushe: Precision Neuroscience press release via BioSpace

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=precision-fda-2025

  14. Majiyyacin Paradromics na farko (Yun 2026)

    A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2026 Paradromics da Jami’ar Michigan sun sanar da dashen Connexus na farko. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na binciken yiwuwar farko na Connect-One da FDA ta amince da shi, a wata mace mai cutar motor neuron. FDA ta ba da izinin na’urar gwaji a Nuwamba 2025.

    Ya kai ga: Mu’amala mai faɗin bandwidth

    Tushe: Michigan Medicine news release

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=paradromics-2026

  15. Blindsight (ba a dasa shi ba tukuna) (2024–2026 · Shawara)

    An yi nufin Blindsight na Neuralink ya aika sigina na gani ga kwakwalwa. A Janairu 2026 an ba da rahoton cewa yana shirye don dashen ɗan adam na farko, yana jiran izinin hukuma. Wani rahoto a Agusta 2026 ya ce har yanzu ba a gwada shi a mutane ba.

    An gina a kan: Majiyyacin Neuralink na farko

    Ya kai ga: Rubuta kowane azanci

    Tushe sun bar wannan kwanan wata ko da’awa ba tabbatacciya ba.

    Tushe: Storyboard18, Blindsight coverage

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=blindsight-pending-2026

  16. Mu’amala mai faɗin bandwidth (2026–2028 · Hasashe)

    Wannan dashe ne da ke karantawa da rubutu dubun dubbai na tashoshi, idan aka kwatanta da kusan dubu ɗaya a yau. Kamfanin da ke da mahalarta mafi yawa yana buga taswirar tashoshi har zuwa 2028. Kwanakinsa na farko na fara gwajin ɗan adam sun wuce da shekaru.

    An gina a kan: Neuralink: mahalarta 21; Majiyyacin Paradromics na farko; An ba da izinin dashe mai sirara; Dashe ta jijiya, binciken Amurka

    Ya kai ga: Mu’amalar kwakwalwa ta nanorobot; Dalilin da wayoyi ba za su isa kowane neuron ba; Exocortex

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=f-bci

  17. Dalilin da wayoyi ba za su isa kowane neuron ba (kusan 2190 bisa tsarin · Hasashen kai)

    Yawan neurons da ake yin rikodi a lokaci guda ya ninka kusan kowane shekaru bakwai tun shekarun 1950. Ka bi wannan gaba daga taswirar 2028 sai ya kai kowane neuron a kwakwalwar ɗan adam kusan 2190. Mu’amalar cikakkiyar kwakwalwa tana buƙatar wata hanya dabam, ba ƙarin wayoyi ba.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Yawan neurons da ake yin rikodi a lokaci guda ya ninka kusan kowane shekaru 7.4. (Stevenson and Kording, ‘How advances in neural recording affect data analysis’, Nature Neuroscience 14 (2011))
    2. Kwakwalwar ɗan adam tana da kusan neurons biliyan 86. (Azevedo et al., Journal of Comparative Neurology 513 (2009))
    3. Tafiya daga tashoshi 25,000 a 2028 zuwa biliyan 86 ya ninka kusan sau miliyan 3.4, wato kusan ninki 22. A shekaru 7.4 kowanne, wannan kusan shekaru 160 ne, don haka kusan 2190.
    4. Don haka tsarin yana nuna canjin hanya. Zaɓi ɗaya shi ne mu’amaloli ƙanana da za su iya isa neurons ta jini. Wani kuma mu’amaloli ne da aka shuka cikin kyallen.

    An gina a kan: Mu’amala mai faɗin bandwidth

    Ya kai ga: Mu’amalar kwakwalwa ta nanorobot

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-wires

  18. Exocortex (yana farawa yanzu · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan kaso ne mai girma na ƙwaƙwalwa da tunani da injuna da aka haɗa da kwakwalwa ke yi. Haɗin mu’amala ne, ba allo ba. Matakin tsakiya ne na hanyar a hankali. A lokacin da kwakwalwar halitta ta gaza, yawancin mutumin ya riga ya kasance yana gudana a waje da ita.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Dashen sun riga sun mayar da niyyar magana zuwa rubutu a kalmomi 62 a minti. Shi ne karo na farko da tunani ke zuwa na’ura ba tare da ya wuce ta jiki ba.
    2. Da zarar haɗin ya yi sauri a kowace hanya biyu, ƙwaƙwalwa da tunani na waje suna zama ɓangaren mutum. Cochlear implant yana zama ji ta hanya ɗaya.
    3. Don haka kason mutum da ke gudana a wajen kwanyar yana ƙaruwa a hankali, ba tare da lokacin haye guda ɗaya ba. Wannan shi ne ya bambanta hanyar a hankali da dubawa.

    An gina a kan: Magana a kalmomi 62 a minti; Mu’amala mai faɗin bandwidth; Magana da avatar

    Ya kai ga: Haye a mataki-mataki

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-exocortex

  19. Cikakken nutsewar VR (2029–2030s · Hasashe)

    Gida: Bishiyar fasaha.

    Wani mai hasashen gaba guda ɗaya mai suna ne kawai ya buga kwanakin VR a matakin tsarin jijiyoyi. Ya sanya shi daga ƙarshen shekarun 2020 zuwa shekarun 2030, ta amfani da nanobots a kwakwalwa. Ba mu sami wani binciken masana ko hasashe mai zaman kansa na wannan matakin ba. Ba a nuna irin wannan tsarin ba.

    An gina a kan: Rubuta kowane azanci; Mu’amalar kwakwalwa ta nanorobot

    Ya kai ga: Zaɓin zama

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=s-fulldive

  20. Mu’amalar kwakwalwa ta nanorobot (shekarun 2030 zuwa wannan ƙarni · Hasashe)

    Wannan mu’amala ce da aka yi da injuna ƙanana da za su isa kowane neuron ta jini. Ita ce hanyar da aka ba da shawara don wuce iyakar wayoyi. Binciken ƙira ɗaya tilo mai cikakken bayani yana tsammanin ta a wannan ƙarni. Marubucin jagoran ya ambaci shigar da nanorobots daga jini zuwa kwakwalwa a matsayin babban cikas.

    An gina a kan: Mu’amala mai faɗin bandwidth; Nanotechnology na molecule; Dalilin da wayoyi ba za su isa kowane neuron ba

    Ya kai ga: Haye a mataki-mataki; Cikakken nutsewar VR

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=f-nanobci

  21. Rubuta kowane azanci (2045–2070 (kiyasin shafin) · Hasashen kai)

    Karanta kwakwalwa ya riga rubuta mata. Mu’amalolin magana suna karanta cikakkun jumloli, amma rubutawa har yanzu ba shi da laushi. Dashe yana ba da kusan tashoshi 22 na ji. Dashen retina ya ba da maki 60 na haske. Cikakken nutsarwa yana buƙatar rubuta kowane azanci a ciki da faɗin bandwidth da azanci ke bayarwa.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Ji shi ne mafi sauƙin lamari. Electrodes 22 na cochlear implant suna ba da magana mai amfani. Gani shi ne lamari mai wahala. Argus II yana da electrodes 60, kuma mai kerarsa ya daina tallafa masa a 2020.
    2. Taɓawa, daidaito, ƙamshi, ɗanɗano da azancin ciki na jiki ba su da na’urar rubutawa cikin amfani na yau da kullum.
    3. Wannan zato ne, na shafin kansa: rubutawa yana baya bayan karantawa da kusan shekaru ashirin. Dashe sun ba da sarrafa siginar a 2006, kuma cikakken rubuta taɓawa ko gani har yanzu na gwaji ne a 2026. Idan mu’amalar karantawa mai faɗin bandwidth ta zo kusan 2030, cikakken rubutawa yana tsakanin 2045 da 2070.

    An gina a kan: Cochlear implant mai tashoshi da yawa; Retinal implant; Blindsight (ba a dasa shi ba tukuna); Deep brain stimulation

    Ya kai ga: Cikakken nutsewar VR

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-writein

Jiki

  1. Koda ta roba (1943)

    A 1943, a Netherlands da aka mamaye, Willem Kolff ya gina koda ta roba a kusa da ganga mai juyawa. A 1945 wata mace ta zama majiyyaci na farko da ya tsira daga jinyar. Ƙirarsa ta zama tushen na’urorin dialysis na daga baya.

    Ya kai ga: Zuciyar roba ta Jarvik-7; Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Tushe: Britannica, “Willem Kolff”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=dialysis-kolff-1943

  2. Pacemaker da aka dasa (Okt 1958)

    A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1958 likitan tiyata Åke Senning, a Karolinska Hospital, ya saka pacemaker a Arne Larsson, wanda ke da heart block. Rune Elmqvist ya ƙera na’urar. Na’ura ta farko ta lalace cikin sa’o’i aka maye gurbinta. Larsson ya ci gaba da samun na’urori da yawa a rayuwarsa.

    Ya kai ga: Deep brain stimulation; Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Artificial cardiac pacemaker”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=pacemaker-1958

  3. Cochlear implant mai tashoshi da yawa (Agu 1978)

    A 1978 ƙungiyar Graeme Clark a Melbourne ta ba majiyyacinta na farko cochlear implant mai tashoshi da yawa. Na’urori irin wannan daga baya sun zama daidaitaccen nau’in cochlear implant.

    Ya kai ga: Retinal implant; Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa; Rubuta kowane azanci

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Cochlear implant”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=cochlear-clark-1978

  4. Zuciyar roba ta Jarvik-7 (Dis 1982)

    A ranar 1 ga Disamba 1982 William DeVries ya sa Jarvik-7 a Barney Clark a Jami’ar Utah. Zuciyar roba ce gabaɗaya mai amfani da iska, da aka nufa ta zama maye gurbin dindindin, ba mafita ta wucin gadi kafin dashe ba. Ita ce kakan zukatan CardioWest da SynCardia na daga baya.

    An gina a kan: Koda ta roba

    Ya kai ga: An amince da cikakkiyar zuciyar roba

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Jarvik-7”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=jarvik-7-1982

  5. Jini na roba (2001 · Ya tsaya)

    Ana yin Hemopure daga haemoglobin na saniya kuma yana ɗaukar oxygen. Afirka ta Kudu da Rasha sun amince da shi a matsayin madadin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini da ake ƙarawa. FDA ta Amurka ba ta ba shi izini na gaba ɗaya ba.

    Dalilin da ya sa ya tsaya: Mai kerarsa, Biopure, ya shigar da kariyar fatara a 2009. Maye gurbin jini na haemoglobin bai maye gurbin gudummawa a Amurka ba.

    Ya kai ga: Nanorobots na likita

    Tushe sun bar wannan kwanan wata ko da’awa ba tabbatacciya ba.

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Hemopure”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=hemopure-blood-2001

  6. An amince da cikakkiyar zuciyar roba (Okt 2004)

    A ranar 15 ga Oktoba 2004 FDA ta amince da CardioWest Temporary Total Artificial Heart (premarket approval P030011). An amince da ita a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi har sai an yi dashe, ga majiyyata da ke kusa da mutuwa saboda rashin aikin bangarorin zuciya biyu. Daga baya aka sake sunan na’urar SynCardia TAH.

    An gina a kan: Zuciyar roba ta Jarvik-7

    Ya kai ga: Zuciyar titanium, majiyyaci gida

    Tushe: FDA PMA database, P030011

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=syncardia-fda-2004

  7. Sel na tushe da aka sake tsarawa (2006 · Shawara)

    Takahashi da Yamanaka sun ba da rahoto a Cell cewa abubuwa huɗu (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 da c-Myc) za su iya mayar da sel irin na fatar bera zuwa sel masu iya zama kusan kowane irin sel. Hakan ya buɗe hanyar yin sel da suka dace da majiyyaci ɗaya, don injiniyancin kyallen da organoids.

    Ya kai ga: Cerebral organoids; Longevity escape velocity

    Tushe: Takahashi & Yamanaka, Cell 126 (2006)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=ipsc-yamanaka-2006

  8. Retinal implant (Fab 2013 · Ya tsaya)

    A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2013 FDA ta amince da Argus II retinal implant a ƙarƙashin Humanitarian Device Exemption. Ita ce na’ura ta farko da aka dasa ga manya masu retinitis pigmentosa mai ci gaba. Ta riga ta sami alamar CE a 2011. Amincewar ta dogara ne da bayanai daga mahalarta gwaji 30.

    Dalilin da ya sa ya tsaya: A ranar 30 ga Maris 2020 Second Sight ta sanar da shirin rufewa. IEEE Spectrum (2022) ya ba da rahoton cewa mutane fiye da 350 masu dashen an bar su ba tare da haɓakawa ko tallafin gyara ba.

    An gina a kan: Cochlear implant mai tashoshi da yawa

    Ya kai ga: Rubuta kowane azanci

    Tushe: NEI/NIH, “NEI-funded device for people with RP gets FDA approval”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=argus-ii-2013

  9. Cerebral organoids (Agu 2013)

    Lancaster da abokan aikinsa sun shuka cerebral organoids masu girma uku daga sel na tushe na ɗan adam. Organoids ɗin sun samar da yankunan kwakwalwa daban-daban kuma sun maimaita siffofin farkon ci gaban cortex na ɗan adam. An buga aikin a Nature 501.

    An gina a kan: Sel na tushe da aka sake tsarawa

    Ya kai ga: Sassan da aka buga

    Tushe: Lancaster et al., Nature 501 (2013)

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=cerebral-organoids-2013

  10. An ba da izinin hannu da tunani ke jagoranta (Mayu 2014)

    A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2014 FDA ta ba da izinin sayar da DEKA Arm System, ta hanyar de novo. Kamfanin Dean Kamen ya haɓaka shi da kuɗin DARPA. Yana karanta siginar lantarki daga tsokokin gaɓar da ta rage kuma yana amfani da su don tuƙa motsi masu amfani da wuta har goma.

    Ya kai ga: Jikin roba

    Tushe: MD+DI, “FDA Approves Marketing for DARPA-Developed Prosthetic Arm”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=deka-arm-fda-2014

  11. Famfon insulin mai rufaffen madauki (Sat 2016)

    A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2016 FDA ta amince da Medtronic MiniMed 670G ga masu shekaru 14 zuwa sama masu ciwon sukari na nau’in 1. Shi ne tsarin hybrid closed-loop na farko. Yana karanta glucose ci gaba kuma yana daidaita insulin na bango da kansa. Ana ba da allurar lokacin cin abinci da hannu har yanzu.

    Ya kai ga: Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Tushe: AJMC, “FDA Approves Medtronic’s MiniMed 670G, 1st Hybrid Closed-Loop System”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=minimed-670g-2016

  12. Zuciyar alade a majiyyaci (Jan 2022)

    A Jami’ar Maryland, David Bennett Sr. bai iya samun dashen zuciya na yau da kullum ba. Ya karɓi zuciya daga alade mai gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta da dama da nufin rage ƙin karɓa na kwatsam. Dashen farko ne irin wannan a mutum mai rai. Ya mutu bayan kusan watanni biyu.

    Ya kai ga: Kodar alade a majiyyaci

    Tushe: Wikipedia, “Xenotransplantation”

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=pig-heart-xeno-2022

  13. Kodar alade a majiyyaci (Mar 2024)

    A Maris 2024 Massachusetts General Hospital ta ba Rick Slayman, mai shekara 62, kodar alade da aka gyara kwayoyin halittarta. Shi ne mutum mai rai na farko da ya karɓi ɗaya. Ya bar asibiti kuma ya mutu bayan kusan watanni biyu. Asibitin ya ce mutuwarsa ba ta da alaƙa da dashen.

    An gina a kan: Zuciyar alade a majiyyaci

    Ya kai ga: Kodar alade na kwanaki 130

    Tushe: Associated Press via KBTX, 12 May 2024

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=pig-kidney-mgh-2024

  14. Kodar alade na kwanaki 130 (Nuw 2024 – Afr 2025)

    Towana Looney ta karɓi kodar alade a NYU Langone a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2024. Ta rayu da ita kwanaki 130, rikodi a lokacin. An cire ta a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2025 saboda ƙin karɓa, kuma ta koma dialysis.

    An gina a kan: Kodar alade a majiyyaci

    Ya kai ga: Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Tushe: Associated Press via KTVU

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=pig-kidney-looney-2025

  15. Zuciyar titanium, majiyyaci gida (Nuw 2024 – Mar 2025)

    An dasa zuciyar roba ta titanium ta BiVACOR a St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 2024. Ita ce ta farko a Ostiraliya kuma an ce ta shida a duniya. A Fabrairu 2025 majiyyacin ya zama na farko da ya bar asibiti da na’urar. Bayan kusan kwanaki 100, a ranar 6 ga Maris 2025, ya karɓi zuciyar mai bayarwa.

    An gina a kan: An amince da cikakkiyar zuciyar roba

    Ya kai ga: Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Tushe: Cardiovascular Business, March 2025

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=bivacor-2025

  16. Sassan da aka buga (daga kusan 2031 zuwa gaba · Hasashe)

    Ba a saka wata cikakkiyar gaɓar ciki mai ƙarfi da aka buga a mutum ba. Mafi kusa shi ne kunne da aka buga da 3D wanda aka shuka daga sel na majiyyaci kansa, wanda aka fara gwadawa a 2022. Wani shirin Amurka da ke ba da kuɗin koda, hanta da zuciya da aka buga ya bayar da lambobin yabonsa a Janairu 2026. Ƙungiya ɗaya tana nufin hantar girman babba a shirye don gwajin kafin asibiti zuwa kusan 2031.

    An gina a kan: Cerebral organoids

    Ya kai ga: Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Hasashen da aka buga:
    • ARPA-H (shirin PRINT) (2024): koda, hanta da zuciya da aka buga ta bioprinting masu dacewa da majiyyaci ba tare da hana garkuwar jiki ba; lambobin yabo Janairu 2026; babu ranar isarwa. Sanarwar labarai ta ARPA-H
    • Carnegie Mellon University (LIVE project) (2026): hanta mai girman babba da aka ƙera ta hanyar bioengineering, a shirye don gwajin kafin asibiti cikin shekaru biyar (kusan 2031). CMU Biomedical Engineering news, 2026

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=f-organs

  17. Nanorobots na likita (hasashe na 2019; ba shi da kwanan wata tun daga lokacin · Hasashe)

    A 1998 Robert Freitas ya ƙera respirocyte. Na’ura ce mai girman ƙwayar jini da za ta ɗauki oxygen fiye da jar ƙwayar jini nesa. Ba a gina ko ɗaya ba. Hasashen nanorobots da ke aiki a cikin jiki zuwa kusan 2019 sun cika lokacinsu, kuma babu wanda ya isa majiyyaci. Kwanakin sun koma shekarun 2030 tun daga lokacin.

    An gina a kan: Nanotechnology na molecule; Jini na roba

    Ya kai ga: Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=f-nanomed

  18. Longevity escape velocity (2028–2050 · Hasashe)

    Wannan shi ne lokacin da magani ke ƙara fiye da shekara ɗaya na tsammanin rai a kowace shekara da ta wuce, don haka tsufa ya daina rage rayuwa. Yana da muhimmanci ga wannan bishiyar domin shi ne madadin. Idan za a iya ci gaba da jikuna har abada, matsin lamba na barinsu yana raguwa. Babu wani magani da ya nuna hakan.

    An gina a kan: Sel na tushe da aka sake tsarawa

    Ya kai ga: Zaɓin zama

    Hasashen da aka buga:

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=f-lev

  19. Jiki da za a iya maye gurbinsa (2040–2060 (kiyasin shafin) · Hasashen kai)

    Wannan jiki ne da kowane sashe sai kwakwalwa yana da maye gurbin da ke aiki. Zuciya, koda, pancreas da kunnen ciki sun riga sun sami ɗaya a wani nau’i. Hanta, huhu da hanji ba su da. Idan komai za a iya musanya shi, kwakwalwa ita ce ɓangaren da ba za a iya ba. Sauran wannan bishiyar game da kwakwalwa ne.

    Tunanin shafin, mataki bayan mataki:
    1. Maye gurbi masu aiki sun wanzu yanzu. Zuciyar titanium ta aika majiyyaci gida (2025). Kodar alade ta yi aiki kwanaki 130 (2025). Akwai pancreas na roba mai rufaffen madauki (2016). Cochlear implants masu tashoshi da yawa sun fara daga 1978.
    2. Har yanzu ba a samu ba: hanta mai ɗorewa, huhu da hanji. Ana hasashen sassan da aka buga daga kusan 2031 don gwajin kafin asibiti, kuma amfani na asibiti yana bin gwaje-gwaje da shekaru.
    3. Don haka lokacin shi ne shekarun 2040 zuwa 2060. Wannan yana zaton cewa maye gurbin yana kai amfani na yau da kullum kusan shekaru 15 zuwa 25 bayan majiyyacinsa na farko, kamar yadda zuciyar roba ta yi (dashe na farko 1982, amincewa 2004).

    An gina a kan: Zuciyar titanium, majiyyaci gida; Kodar alade na kwanaki 130; Famfon insulin mai rufaffen madauki; Cochlear implant mai tashoshi da yawa; Sassan da aka buga; Koda ta roba; Pacemaker da aka dasa; Nanorobots na likita

    Ya kai ga: Zaɓin zama

    Adireshi: /trees/synthetic?n=p-body