Fiziks ta asali
Quarks, nuclei, plasmas da abu na quantum: mafi ƙanƙantan tsarin da aka kwaikwaya, kuma cikin waɗanda suka fi buƙatar lissafi.
Tushen tsarin matsayi. Waɗannan kwaikwayon suna farawa daga ainihin ka’ida, Standard Model da kimiyyar quantum, suna lissafa sakamakonsu. Su ne mafi kusanci da samar da abubuwan zahiri daga ƙa’idodin farko. Haka kuma suna bayyana dalilin da ya sa mafi ƙanƙantar ƙasan abu na Filin gwaji ke ɗaukar lissafi mai yawa.
Lattice QCD
Quarks da gluons a grid mai girma huɗu na wuraren lokaci-sarari, ana amfani da su don lissafa nauyi da halayen protons, neutrons da sauran hadrons daga ƙarfin nukiliya mai ƙarfi kawai.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene nauyin proton, farawa daga ka’ida kawai?
Yana barin: Tazarar raga da girman akwati sasantawa ne. Ana tsawaita sakamako zuwa continuum da girma mara iyaka, amma ba sa kaiwa gare su.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1017 FLOPS kimanta kawai rabon supercomputer na ƙasa, makonni na babban ɓangare.Tun: 1979 Creutz’s Monte Carlo study of pure SU(2) lattice gauge theory, without quarks; quarks entered later tusheA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Lattice gauge Monte Carlo
Samar da abubuwan collider
Kowane karon proton–proton a na’urar saurin ƙwayoyi, daga hard scatter ta parton showers zuwa feshin hadrons da yake isa na’urar ganewa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya bayanan za su kasance idan wani sabon ɓarbashi da aka ba da shawara na gaske ne?
Yana barin: Yana kimanta tsangwama na quantum tsakanin duk hanyoyin da ke ba da gudummawa ta riƙe masu rinjaye kawai, da sigogi da aka daidaita don dacewa da bayanan da suka wuce.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun grid-computing, yana sarrafa biliyoyin karo da aka kwaikwaya.Tun: 1982 na’urorin samar da abubuwan parton-shower na kwamfuta na farko don kimiyyar collider.
Amsar na’urar ganewa
Kowace ƙwayar da take barin karo, ana bi ta ta layi na silicon, calorimeter da maganaɗisu, tana ajiye kuzari yayin tafiya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne ainihin sigina ne na’urar ganowa za ta rasa, kuma waɗanne za ta ƙirƙira?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka siffa da daidaitawar na’urar ganewa daidai kamar yadda aka tsara, alhali tsofaffin igiyoyi da lalacewar radiation suna ƙara lalata su a hankali.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a ko grid-computing, miliyoyin awanni na CPU a shekara.Tun: 1974 CERN's first general particle-transport code for detector design.
Cosmic-ray air showers
Ɓurɓushi ɗaya mai ƙarfi sosai daga sarari yana bugun saman yanayi kuma yana haifar da jerin biliyoyin ɓarbashi na biyu a hanyar sauka.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane nau’in ɓarbashi, daga nisa nawa, ya yi tsarin da na’urorin ganowa na ƙasa suka gani?
Yana barin: Yana dogara da samfuran karo da aka ƙara nisa fiye da kowane kuzarin da injin gaggautawa ya gwada.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci ko kwamfutar aiki mai ƙarfi, awanni a kowane saitin shower.Tun: 1961 samfuran Monte Carlo na farko na cascades na cosmic-ray.
Kimiyyar motsin hasken na’urar saurin ƙwayoyi
Gungun ƙwayoyi masu caji suna zagaye ta maganaɗisu miliyoyin juyi, filaye da juna suna tura su.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hasken yana ci gaba da mayar da hankali sosai, ko yana rabuwa a hankali yana bugun bango?
Yana barin: Yana ɗaukar maganaɗisu a matsayin an gina su bisa ƙayyadaddun bayanai, alhali na gaske suna da ƙananan kurakuran ƙira masu muhimmanci cikin miliyoyin zagaye.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, mintuna a kowane ƙirar lattice.Tun: 1959 binciken bin diddigin kwamfuta na farko ga synchrotrons masu strong-focusing na farko.
Kwaikwayon na’urar gano neutrino
Haske ko caji daga neutrino da ke mu’amala a zurfin tanki na ruwa, ƙanƙara ko wani ruwa dabam, ana bin diddiginsa ta cikin na’urar ganowa don gane yadda ainihin al’amari yake.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane sigina irin wannan neutrino zai bari, kuma za mu iya bambanta shi da bayan fage?
Yana barin: Igiyoyi, kumfa da dutsen da ke sama na ainihin na’urar ganewa suna ƙara hayaniya da babu kwaikwayon da ya yi hasashenta gaba ɗaya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a ko haɗin gwiwa, makonni a kowace ƙirar na’urar ganewa.Tun: 1987 na’urorin kwaikwayon ganewa da aka gina don fassara fashewar neutrino na supernova na 1987.
Samfuran shower na calorimeter na generative
Neural network da aka horar da cikakken gudun jigilar ƙwayoyi yana samar da ajiyar kuzarin ruwan ƙwayoyi a na’urar ganewa da ƙaramin ɓangare na lissafin.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai samarwa da aka horar zai iya tsayawa a madadin mafi jinkirin ɓangaren kwaikwayon na’urar ganewa?
Yana barin: Yana maimaita ƙididdigar gudanarwar horo, ba sabuwar fiziks ba, kuma yana kuskure a wajen kuzarin da ya gani.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo a kan miliyoyin cikakkun ruwan ɓarbashi, sannan ɗaukar samfur mai sauƙin lissafiTun: 2017 CaloGAN, a generative adversarial network for 3D electromagnetic showers (2017) tushe
Flow-based sampling don lattice field theory
Normalising flow da aka horar yana ba da shawarar cikakkun tsare-tsaren filin a kan lattice, sannan a gyara su ta matakin karɓa-ko-ƙi na daidai don amsar ta kasance mara karkata.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin masu samfur da aka koya za su iya doke critical slowing down na Monte Carlo na lattice na yau da kullum?
Yana barin: An nuna shi galibi a ƙananan ka’idojin gwaji masu sauƙi masu ƙananan girma; buƙatar lissafi ta horo tana girma da sauri da girman lattice.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1017 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo tare da manyan ensemble na ragaTun: 2019 Flow-based generative models for Markov chain Monte Carlo in lattice field theory (2019) tushe
Tsarin tsakiya
Protons da neutrons da aka ɗaure a tsakiya, ana lissafa su daga ƙarfin da ke tsakaninsu.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne isotopes ke iya wanzuwa kwata-kwata, kuma waɗanne siffofi suke ɗauka?
Yana barin: Ƙarfin tsakanin nucleons har yanzu ba a san shi daidai ba, don haka ana lissafa kowane tsakiya daga ƙiyasi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, kwanaki don nucleus mai nauyi ɗaya.Tun: 1965 lissafin shell-model diagonalisation na farko a mainframe.
Fiziks na tsakiyar reactor
Neutrons da aka haifa, aka watsa, aka sha kuma suke raba tsakiyoyi a cikin tashar makamashi, an haɗa su da zafi da kwararar sanyaya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin martanin sarƙa yana tsayawa a daidaito yayin da mai yake ƙonewa?
Yana barin: Ba zai iya kama kowane tsagewa, walda da hanyar kwararar ainihin reactor mai tsufa gaba ɗaya ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a ko masana’antu, awanni a kowane zagayen core.Tun: 1948 Gudanarwar Monte Carlo ta farko ta neutron ta Ulam, von Neumann da Metropolis a ENIAC.
Jigilar radiation
Ɓurɓushi suna ratsa abu, mu’amala ɗaya a lokaci guda: haskokin radiotherapy a majinyaci, cosmic rays a jikin kumbon sararin samaniya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa adadin ke sauka a ƙari, kuma nawa a duk abin da ke kewaye?
Yana barin: Yana ɗaukar jiki ko gangar jirgi a matsayin siffa tsayayye, yana kauce wa motsinsa yayin fallasa, kamar numfashi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta kimiyyar lissafi ta asibiti ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, mintuna a kowane tsari.Tun: 1968 lissafin adadin radiation na Monte Carlo na farko da aka ba da shawara don tsara radiotherapy.
Amincin kritikaliti na nukiliya
Jigilar neutron ta Monte Carlo ta abin fission da aka adana ko aka sarrafa, ana tabbatar da cewa babu sarƙar fission ta haɗari da za ta iya farawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan tsarin kayan fissile zai iya kai ga critical ba da gangan ba?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka siffa da kayan da aka rubuta a sanarwa sun dace da abin da yake akwai, don haka sakamakon yana da ingancin takardun ne kawai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur; mintuna zuwa awanni a kowane tsari.Tun: 1957 lissafin criticality na kwamfuta na farko bayan hatsarori na lokacin yaƙi sun sa aka kafa ƙa’idodin tsaro a hukumance.
Kunna rediyo da sarƙoƙin ruɓewa
Kayayyakin da aka fallasa ga neutrons ko radiation suna gina sababbin isotopes na rediyo, sannan suna ruɓewa ta sarƙoƙi zuwa kwanciyar hankali.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya radiyo wannan abu zai kasance, kuma har yaushe, bayan an haskaka shi?
Yana barin: Bayanan nukiliya na isotopes masu wuya, masu gajeren rai ba su cika ba kamar na gama gari, don haka ƙananan hanyoyi suna ɗauke da ƙarin zato.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka; cikakken lissafin sarƙar ruɓewa yana ɗaukar daƙiƙu.Tun: 1962 code na kwamfuta na farko na kunnawa da ruɓewa a kayan reactor.
Neutronics na blanket na fusion breeding
Neutrons daga halayen fusion suna raguwa a cikin rufin da ke kewaye, suna haifar da man tritium kuma suna sanya zafin da zai tuƙa turbine.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin blanket yana haifar da isasshen tritium don reactor ya ci gaba da samun mai?
Yana barin: An yi samfurin ne a kan ƙira da ba ta wanzu tukuna a cikakken mizani, don haka ɗabi’ar kayan aiki mai muhimmanci an faɗaɗa ta daga bayanan da ake da su.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane nau’in ƙira.Tun: 1980 binciken neutronics na farko na blankets na reactor na fusion da aka ba da shawara.
Nuclear lattice effective field theory
Protons da neutrons da aka sanya a lattice na lokaci-sarari kuma suna mu’amala ta chiral effective theory, ana warware shi da Monte Carlo don ba da tsarin tsakiya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a iya lissafa excited states na ƙananan nuclei, kamar Hoyle state na carbon-12, daga ƙarfin nucleon?
Yana barin: Ya tsaya ne ga nuclei masu sauƙi da matsakaita; matsalolin alama suna iyakance tsarin da za a iya kaiwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1018 FLOPS kimanta kawai Manyan gudanarwar Monte Carlo a kan injunan jagoranciTun: 2011 Ab initio calculation of the Hoyle state (2011) tushe
Motsin mean-field na nukiliya mai dogara da lokaci
Nuclei masu karo da rabuwa ana bin su a lokacin gaske, kowane nucleon yana motsawa a matsakaicin filin duk sauran yayin da yake ci gaba da canzawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke faruwa da tsakiyoyin zarra biyu idan suka taɓa juna, haɗu ko suka tashi daban?
Yana barin: Mean field ba zai iya bayyana quantum tunnelling tsakanin sakamako daban-daban ko sauye-sauyen da suke raba yawan fission ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar nau’in Skyrme mai dogara da lokaci mai girma uku a gungu.Tun: 1976 Bonche, Koonin and Negele's one-dimensional time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculation of nuclear collisions. tushe
Motsin pasta na ɓawon tauraron neutron
Mafi zurfin layin ɓawon tauraron neutron, inda neutron da proton ke samar da sanduna da faranti, ana bin su da molecular dynamics don samo tauri da yadda yake watsa neutrino.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne siffofi abu ke ɗauka a gindin ɓawon tauraron neutron?
Yana barin: Mu’amalar nucleon ƙarfi ne mai sauƙi da aka daidaita kuma akwatin ya fi ainihin ɓawon ƙanƙanta sosai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai molecular dynamics na dubu goma-goma na nucleons, ana maimaitawa a yawa daban-daban.Tun: 2004 Molecular dynamics na Horowitz, Perez-Garcia da Piekarewicz na abu mai yawan neutron marar daidaito da yadda neutrinos ke wucewa ta cikinsa. tushe
Hargitsin plasma na fusion
Plasma na hydrogen mai zafi fiye da tsakiyar Rana, wanda maganaɗisu ke tsare, tare da jigilar hargitsi da take haifar da asarar zafi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya girman na’urar ya kamata ta kai kafin ta samar da ƙarin kuzari fiye da yadda take cinyewa?
Yana barin: Cikakken hargitsi a ma’aunin reactor har yanzu yana buƙatar lissafi da yawa, don haka yawancin gudu suna kwaikwayon yanki ɗaya su tsawaita sakamakon.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1017 FLOPS kimanta kawai supercomputer na ƙasa, babban rabo na makonni.Tun: 1983 code na gyrokinetic turbulence na farko don plasma na tokamak.
Plasma ta particle-in-cell
Miliyoyin manyan ɓarbashi masu caji suna motsawa ta filayen lantarki da maganaɗisu da aka adana a kan grid, ana amfani da su don laser da ke bugun plasma da gaggauta wakefield.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin taguwar plasma za ta iya hanzarta electrons cikin santimita maimakon kilomita?
Yana barin: Kowace ƙwayar da aka kwaikwaya tana tsayawa a madadin da yawa na gaske, wanda yake ɓata ƙanƙantar ainihin plasma.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban gungun GPU, kwanaki don cikakken gudun wakefieldTun: 1959 Buneman and Dawson's first electrostatic particle-in-cell plasma runs.
Daidaiton plasma da kwanciyar hankali
Cikakken siffar plasma da aka killace da maganadisu, ana duba shi a kan matsi da wutar da zai iya ɗauka kafin ya lanƙwasa, yage ko ya wargaje.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan tsarin plasma zai riƙe siffarsa, ko ya rushe?
Yana barin: Ainihin rushewa sau da yawa yana farawa daga ƙananan lahani da ƙazanta da daidaiton kamala ba ya haɗa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, awanni a kowane binciken daidaito.Tun: 1958 daidaitattun da aka lissafa na farko ga na’urorin tsare maganaɗisu na farko.
Rushewar tsare inertial
Ƙaramar kwantena ta mai da ake tura ta ciki da tsananin radiation har ta yi zafi da yawa isa ta haɗu, ana yin samfurin radiation, hydrodynamics da plasma mai ƙonewa tare.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai zai matse daidai isa don ya kama kafin ya tarwatse da kansa?
Yana barin: Ƙananan rashin daidaituwar siffa a tuƙi suna haifar da rashin karko da ke karya daidaiton zagaye da gudanarwa mafi sauƙi ke zato.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban gungun kwamfutoci ko ɓangaren supercomputer, kwanaki a kowace ƙira.Tun: 1972 kwaikwayon radiation-hydrodynamics na farko na kwantenonin mai da laser ke tuƙawa.
Magnetic reconnection
Layukan filin maganaɗisu a cikin plasma suna karyewa da sake haɗuwa, suna mayar da kuzarin filin da aka adana zuwa zafi da ɓarbashi masu sauri.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri layukan filin maganaɗisu za su iya karyewa da sake haɗuwa a gaske?
Yana barin: Ainihin tsarin yana ratsa ma’auni daga hanyoyin electron zuwa dukan tsarin taurari da babu gudanarwa guda da ke rufewa lokaci ɗaya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, kwanaki don abin da ya faru na reconnection ɗaya.Tun: 1963 samfuran lissafi na farko na reconnection na layin filin bisa ka’idar Sweet da Parker.
Sarrafa plasma na masana’antu
Ions da nau’ukan masu martani a cikin plasma mai ƙarancin zafi suna bugun saman da kuma sassaƙa shi, ana amfani da su don tsara kayayyaki cikin daidaito mai ƙanƙanta.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin plasma zai cire kaurin saman (etch) ko ya rufe shi daidai?
Yana barin: Sinadarai na saman bango har yanzu an sauƙaƙa su fiye da cikakken bayanin ɗakin da ya gurɓata na gaske.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane girkin tsari.Tun: 1985 samfuran kwamfuta na farko na plasma etching don sarrafa fuska.
Gaggauta laser wakefield
Gudanarwar particle-in-cell na bugun laser mai ƙarfi yana tuƙa raƙuman plasma da ke tarkon electrons kuma suna ƙara musu gudu a tsawon milimita.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya raƙuman plasma za su iya ƙara wa electrons gudu zuwa ƙarfi mai yawa a ɗan gajeren tazara?
Yana barin: Ionisation, martanin radiation da lahani na manufar laser galibi ana kamala su.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1018 FLOPS kimanta kawai 3D particle-in-cell, biliyoyin ɓarbashi a kan zagayen taguwa da yawaTun: 2002 Highly non-linear broken-wave (bubble) regime simulations (2002) tushe
Inganta tsarin stellarator
Siffar kwalbar maganadisu mai karkace don plasma na haɗin nukiliya, an daidaita ta da kwamfuta har hanyoyin ɓarbashi su zauna a killace kuma daidaiton ya tsaya ba tare da wutar da aka tuƙa ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane siffa mai girma uku ta maganadisu ke ɗaure plasma mai zafi mafi kyau?
Yana barin: Ana yin hukunci kan siffofin da aka inganta bisa daidaiton kamala; hargitsi da jurewar coil suna zuwa daga baya kuma sau da yawa suna lalata sakamakon.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai dubban lissafin daidaito da hanya cikin zagayen inganta.Tun: 1988 Stellarators masu daidaito na quasi-helical da Nuhrenberg da Zille suka lissafa. tushe
Samfurin pedestal na gefen tokamak da ELM
Shimfiɗa mai tudu sosai a gefen plasma na tokamak da fashewar lokaci-lokaci da ke jefa zafi a bango, an lissafa su daga kwanciyar hankali na magnetohydrodynamic na gefen.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsayin matsin gefe zai iya hawa kafin plasma ta fashe?
Yana barin: Ana hasashen iyakokin kwanciyar hankali sosai amma cikakken fashewar da ba ta layi ba, tare da fiziks ɗinsa na motsi da bango, har yanzu ya fi ƙarfin hasashen yau da kullum.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar extended-MHD marasa layi na fashewa ɗaya a kan babban rabon kwamfuta.Tun: 2002 Samfurin Snyder da abokan aiki na barewa-da-kumbura na yanayin da ke gefen filin da dandamali. tushe
Samfurin na’urar tokamak gabaɗaya
Samfuran dumama, jigila, daidaito, gefe da bango na na’urar fusion gaba ɗaya an haɗa su cikin aiki ɗaya da ke hasashen cikakken fitarwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a iya hasashen cikakken fitar plasma kafin a gina injin?
Yana barin: Yawancin sassa samfura ne da aka rage waɗanda aka daidaita da injunan da suka wuce, don haka hasashen sabon yanayi yana ɗauke da rashin tabbaci mai faɗi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai ɓangarori marasa cikakken bayani da masu cikakken daidaito da aka haɗa ana gudanar da su don cikakken fitar plasma.Tun: 2015 Rukunin kayan aikin samfuri da bincike na haɗaɗɗe na Imbeaux da abokan aikinsa don ITER, aikace-aikacen farko na samfurin bayanai na yau da kullum da ke haɗa irin waɗannan sassan. tushe
Kwaikwayon girgiza mara karo
Raƙuman girgiza a plasma na sarari inda ɓarbashi ba sa karo, tare da ions da ake bi ɗaya-ɗaya da electrons a matsayin ruwa don gaban girgiza ya samu daga filaye kaɗai.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ions ke samun gudu a wurin girgiza inda babu abin da ke karo?
Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar electrons a matsayin ruwa kuma akwatin ƙaramin yanki ne na girgiza, don haka tsarin babban ma’auni ya ɓace.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai manyan gudanarwar kinetic na haɗaka masu girma biyu ko uku.Tun: 1985 Kwaikwayon haɗaɗɗe na Quest na girgizar perpendicular marasa karo masu lambar Mach mai girma. tushe
Kwaikwayon dusty plasma da tsarin Yukawa
Ƙwayoyin caji da aka rataya a plasma, ana yin samfurinsu a matsayin ƙwayoyi masu tunkuɗe juna ta potential da aka tace waɗanda suke daskarewa zuwa kristal ko narkewa zuwa ruwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: A wane ƙarfin haɗi ne gajimaren ƙwayoyi masu caji suke zama kristal?
Yana barin: Ƙarfin tunkuɗe da aka tace yana maye gurbin plasma kuma yana watsi da wake da cajin ƙwayoyi da ainihin gajimaren ƙura ke nunawa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai molecular dynamics na hatsi har miliyan ɗaya a dogon lokaci.Tun: 1994 Thermodynamics na tsarin Yukawa masu ƙarfin haɗin kai na Hamaguchi da Farouki daga Monte Carlo da molecular dynamics. tushe
Kwaikwayon plasma mai sashe ɗaya
Caji da aka nutsar a cikin bayan fage iri ɗaya mai kawar da cajin, ana kwaikwayonsu don gano ma’aunin yanayi (equation of state) da daskarewar kayan masu yawa a cikin white dwarfs da manyan duniyoyi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: A wane yawa ne kayan tauraro masu yawa suke daskarewa?
Yana barin: Bayan electron iri ɗaya yana maye gurbin ainihin electron masu iya polarisation.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai Monte Carlo na dubu goma-goma na ions, matsakaici ne a ma’aunin zamani.Tun: 1966 Brush, Sahlin and Teller's Monte Carlo study of a one-component plasma. tushe
Sarrafa plasma da aka koya a kwaikwayo
Mai sarrafa koyon ƙarfafawa yana yin atisayen tsarawa da riƙe plasma na tokamak ta hanyar umartar coils na maganaɗisu a cikin kwaikwayo mai sauri na daidaitonsa da canjinsa, sannan a gudanar da shi a na’urar ta gaske.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai sarrafawa da aka koya gaba ɗaya a kwaikwayo zai iya riƙe plasma mai zafi a siffar da aka nema?
Yana barin: Samfurin horo bai haɗa da hargitsi da rashin karko masu sauri ba, don haka ana amincewa da mai sarrafawa ne kawai a cikin yanayin da samfurin ya kama.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki na horo a na’urorin hanzari ɗari kaɗan, ana gudanar da samfurin plasma miliyoyin lokuta.Tun: 2022 Degrave and colleagues' deep reinforcement learning controller trained in simulation and run on a tokamak. tushe
Tsarin quantum masu jikuna da yawa
Electrons ko spins da yawa masu mu’amala a kan lattice, ana sarrafa su da tensor networks da quantum Monte Carlo saboda ainihin yanayin ya yi girma da ba za a iya adana shi ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa wasu kayayyaki ke superconduct, kuma ɗaya zai iya yi a zafin ɗaki?
Yana barin: Hanyoyin tensor da quantum Monte Carlo duka sun kasa a wasu daga cikin tsare-tsaren da suka fi ban sha’awa, na ɗaure (frustrated) ko fermionic.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban gungun kwamfutoci ko ɓangaren supercomputer, kwanaki a kowane abu.Tun: 1980 Ceperley and Alder's first accurate quantum Monte Carlo of the electron gas.
Kwaikwayon kwamfutar quantum
Kwamfuta ta gargajiya tana adana cikakken yanayin quantum na rijistar qubits tana kuma yin amfani da ƙofofi a kai. Ƙwaƙwalwa tana ninkawa da kowane qubit da aka ƙara.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan algorithm na quantum yana aiki kafin wani ya gina kayan aikin da zai gudanar da shi?
Yana barin: Ƙwaƙwalwar da ake buƙata tana ninkawa da kowane qubit na ƙari, don haka za ta iya kwaikwayon ƙananan lokuta ne kawai ba tare da amfanin quantum ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai ɗigon gungun kwamfutoci mai ƙwaƙwalwa mai yawa; buƙatar lissafi tana ninkawa da kowane qubit da aka ƙara.Tun: 1996 na’urorin kwaikwayon gargajiya na farko na ƙananan da’irar quantum.
Kwaikwayon quantum na analogue
Tsarin quantum ɗaya mai sarrafawa, kamar zarra masu sanyi sosai a lattice na hasken laser, an daidaita shi don yin ɗabi’a kamar wani da ya yi wuyar lissafa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Idan kwamfuta ta gargajiya ba za ta iya warware samfurin ba, za a iya sa tsarin zahiri mai sarrafawa ya yi hakan maimakon haka?
Yana barin: Yana ba da bayani ne kawai game da samfurin ɗaya da aka gina don kwaikwayonsa, ba lallai ba ne game da ainihin abu da ya ƙarfafa shi.
Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. zarra kansu ne ke lissafi; kwamfutar sarrafawa tana rubuta sakamako kawai.Tun: 2002 Sauyin Greiner da abokan aikinsa daga superfluid zuwa insulator na Mott na zarra masu sanyi sosai a cikin lattice na gani, wanda daga baya aka fahimce shi a matsayin kwaikwayon quantum na farko irin na analog tusheA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Na’urar kwaikwayon quantum ta zarra masu sanyi
Gyaran kuskuren quantum
Qubits na kwamfutar quantum da hayaniyar da take lalata su, ana duba su a kan code da aka tsara don ganowa da gyara kurakurai kafin su yaɗu.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan code mai gyaran kuskure yana kare lissafin da gaske, idan aka yi la’akari da hayaniya ta gaske?
Yana barin: Ainihin hayaniya tana da alaƙa kuma tana karkacewa cikin lokaci ta hanyoyin da samfuran kamala da wuya suke ɗauka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai ɗigon gungun kwamfutoci mai ƙwaƙwalwa mai yawa; manyan code suna buƙatar lissafi mai yawa sosai.Tun: 1996 kwaikwayon farko da ke gwada code masu gyaran kuskure na farko da aka ba da shawara.
Abu na quantum na topological
Electrons a kan lattice da aka tsara don yanayinsu na gamayya ya dogara da siffarsa gaba ɗaya maimakon bayanan gida, ana lissafa su don gano yanayin quantum Hall da sauran matakan topological.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan abu yana ɗauke da yanayin abu da topology yake kare shi maimakon symmetry?
Yana barin: Bambance yanayi na topological na gaske da irinsa na yau da kullum na iya dogara da daidaiton lissafi da yawancin gudanarwa ba su kai ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai babban gungun kwamfutoci ko ɓangaren supercomputer, kwanaki a kowane tsarin da ake la’akari da shi.Tun: 1988 binciken lissafi na farko bayan gano topological order a ka’ida.
Motsin iskar atom mai sanyi sosai
Gajimaren atom da aka sanyaya har suka raba wavefunction na quantum ɗaya, an ci gaba da shi da lissafin mean-field da yake bayyana Bose-Einstein condensate.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya condensate ke girgiza, rarrabuwa ko samar da vortices idan aka dame shi?
Yana barin: Ma’aunin mean-field yana rasa alaƙar kowane zarra da ke da muhimmanci kusa da sauyin lokaci.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki; mintuna zuwa awanni a kowane gajimare da aka kama.Tun: 1995 samfurin da aka gina a kusa da farkon Bose-Einstein condensates na dakin gwaji.
Kwaikwayon quantum na dijital a kayan aiki
Kwamfutar quantum da aka gina daga qubits masu sarrafuwa tana gudanar da jerin ƙofofi da suke kwaikwayon juyin halittar wani irin tsarin.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin na’urar quantum mai shirye-shirye za ta iya sake haifar da dynamics na samfurin da ya yi girma ga ƙwaƙwalwar gargajiya?
Yana barin: Hayaniya tana iyakance zurfi, kuma kimantawar Trotter tana shigar da kuskurenta.
Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. Kayan quantum, ba FLOPS na gargajiya ba; tabbatarwa a kwamfutoci na yau da kullum a ƙaramin girma kawaiTun: 2011 Universal digital quantum simulation with trapped ions (2011) tushe
Lattice gauge theory a kan kayan quantum
Kwamfutar quantum mai qubits kaɗan tana bin sauyin lattice gauge theory a lokacin gaske, aikin da yake da wuya ga Monte Carlo na gargajiya saboda matsalar sign.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a iya gudanar da dynamics na gaske na gauge theory a kwamfutar quantum?
Yana barin: Girman sarari ɗaya kawai da ’yan wurare kaɗan har yanzu.
Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. Ƙananan adadin qubit; nauyin lissafin gwada su ta hanyar gargajiya yana ƙaruwa ninkin-ninkinTun: 2016 Real-time dynamics of lattice gauge theories with a few-qubit quantum computer (2016) tushe
Yanayin quantum na hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi
Neural network yana wakiltar wavefunction na tsarin ƙwayoyi da yawa, ana daidaita sigoginsa ta variational Monte Carlo don gano yanayi na ƙasa da dynamics.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin neural network zai iya adana, a taƙaice, yanayin quantum da ya yi girma da ba za a iya adana shi daidai ba?
Yana barin: Daidaito ya dogara da ƙirar hanyar sadarwa, kuma inganta zai iya tsayawa a mafi ƙanƙanta na gida marasa kyau.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo tare da variational Monte Carlo a kan na’urorin ƙara guduTun: 2016 Warware matsalar yawan ɓarbashi na quantum da hanyoyin jijiyoyi na wucin gadi (2016) tushe
Motsin superconducting vortex
Bututun kwararar maganadisu da ke ratsa superconductor na type-II, ana bin su yayin da suke motsawa, suke ɗaure a kan lahani kuma suke zubar da kuzari, ta amfani da ka’idar fili mai dogara da lokaci don yanayin superconducting.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya vortices na maganaɗisu ke motsawa kuma su makale a cikin superconductor?
Yana barin: Ka’idar fili ta phenomenological tana watsi da halin electron ƙanana kuma tana aiki ne kawai kusa da zafin sauyi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar Ginzburg-Landau mai dogara da lokaci mai girma uku a gungu.Tun: 1996 Gwajin lissafi na Gropp da abokan aikinsa na motsin vortex a cikin superconductors na nau’i na II. tushe
Path-integral Monte Carlo na ruwayen quantum
Ana wakiltar kowace ƙwayar quantum a matsayin zobe na kwafi masu haɗe, ana ɗiban samfur a zafin da ya ƙayyadu don lissafa helium superfluid da sauran ruwaye na bosonic daga mu’amala kaɗai.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa helium mai ruwa ke kwarara ba tare da gogayya ba ƙasa da kelvin biyu?
Yana barin: Fermions suna fama da matsalar sign, don haka electrons da helium-3 suna buƙatar kimantawa da ke kawo kuskuren da ba a sarrafa ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai biliyoyin samfuran hanya don ruwa mai yawa.Tun: 1984 Kwaikwayon path-integral na Pollock da Ceperley na tsarin quantum masu jikuna da yawa da superfluid helium. tushe
Kwaikwayon da’irar stabilizer
Kwamfuta ta gargajiya tana bin diddigin da’irar quantum da aka gina daga ƙofofin Clifford kawai ta hanyar bin yadda ƙaramin tebur na masu aikin Pauli yake canzawa, maimakon adana cikakken yanayin. Wannan yana ba da damar gudanar da da’irori na gyaran kuskure masu dubban qubits.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Sau nawa lambar gyaran kuskure ke gazawa idan kowace ƙofa, aunawa da matakin hutu suna da hayaniya?
Yana barin: Da’irori da aka yi su da ayyukan Clifford da aunawar Pauli ne kawai za a iya bi ta wannan hanyar, don haka lissafin quantum na gama-gari (universal) ba za a iya kaiwa gare shi ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin harbi masu hayaniya na babban ɓangaren lamba a kan gungun kwamfutocin aiki.Tun: 2004 Aaronson and Gottesman's improved algorithm for simulating stabilizer circuits in polynomial time. tushe
Masu gano gyaran kuskure da aka koya
Ana horar da neural network a kan tsarin kurakurai da aka kwaikwaya daga quantum code don karanta syndromes da aka auna ta gane gyaran da za a yi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai fassara (decoder) da aka koya zai iya gyara kurakurai a ƙwaƙwalwar quantum da sauri ko daidai fiye da algorithm da aka ƙera da hannu?
Yana barin: Mai warware lambar yana sanin samfurin hayaniyar da aka horar da shi a kai ne kawai, kuma ainihin kayan aiki suna karkata kuma suna da kurakurai masu alaƙa da kwaikwayon bai haɗa ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai horo a kan biliyoyin alamomin kwaikwayo a nodes na GPU.Tun: 2016 Neural decoder na Torlai da Melko don lambobin topological (arXiv 2016, an buga 2017). tushe
Kwaikwayon hanyar sadarwar quantum
Ɗigogi masu ɗauke da qubits, haɗin entangled da hanyoyin photon masu hayaniya da aka yi musu samfuri a matsayin al’amura daban-daban a lokaci, don a iya gwada yarjejeniyoyin raba entanglement a hanyar sadarwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri da aminci ɗigo biyu masu nisa za su iya raba entanglement ta hanyar masu maimaitawa da zaren gani mai asara?
Yana barin: An rage hayaniyar na’ura zuwa wasu samfura kaɗan masu sigogi, kuma babu hanyar sadarwa mai girma da za a iya amfani da ita don tabbatar da adadin da aka hasasshe.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai dogayen gudanarwar yarjejeniyar hanyar sadarwa da yawa a kan uwar garke ɗaya.Tun: 2021 Coopmans and colleagues' NetSquid, a discrete-event simulator for quantum networks. tushe