Ilimin halittu, juyin halitta da halayyar dabbobi

Neman abincin ƙungiyar tururuwa

Tururuwa ɗaya-ɗaya suna shimfiɗawa da bin hanyoyin pheromone, ba tare da shugaba ko taswira ba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙungiyar tururuwa ke samun gajeriyar hanya zuwa abinci idan babu tururuwa da ta san hanya?

Yana barin: Tururuwa na gaske suna kuma amfani da gani, sauti da ɗanɗano, waɗanda yawancin samfuran hanya suke watsi da su.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon dubban tururuwa masu neman abinciTun: 1990 Deneubourg and colleagues' model of Argentine ant trail formation

Gudanar da samfurin mai mu’amala

Ƙungiyoyin ƙudan zuma

Masu neman abinci, masu reno da masu bincike suna raba aiki, garken ƙudan zuma suna zaɓar sabon gida ta wani irin kaɗa ƙuri’a.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya garken ke zaɓar mafi kyawun wurin gida ba tare da shugaba ba?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka ƙudan zuma suna bin ƙa’idodi masu sauƙi kafaffu, ko da yake ainihin ƙudan zuma suna bambanta kuma suna iya yin kuskure.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon zaɓen wurin gida na garken ƙudan zumaTun: 2003 Samfurin Passino da Seeley na zaɓen wurin gida na ƙudan zuma

Taruwa da yin garke

Kowane tsuntsu ko kifi yana tuƙa da ƙa’idodin gida uku: rabuwa, daidaitawa da maƙwabta, da haɗin kai.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya dubban dabbobi ke juyawa tare kamar ɗaya?

Yana barin: Ainihin garken tsuntsaye suna amsa mafarauta da ƙasa da ƙa’idodi uku masu sauƙi suka bari.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai GPU na wasa yana kwaikwayon dubban wakilai da ake tuƙawaTun: 1987 Craig Reynolds's boids model of flocking

Gudanar da samfurin mai mu’amala

Gina tuddan gara

Gara suna sauke da motsa ƙananan dunƙulen ƙasa, da iskar da ke kwarara ta tsarin da suka gina.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya kwari masu ƙananan kwakwalwa ke gina hasumiyoyi masu iska?

Yana barin: Ainihin ɗabi’ar tururuwa tana dogara da alamomin sinadarai da tsari da ake ɗauka a ɓangare kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon tururuwar ƙasa masu sauke ƙwallaye da kwararar iskaTun: 1999 Bonabeau and Theraulaz's stigmergic models of termite construction

Taruwar ƙwayar halittar laka

Amoebae masu rayuwa da kansu suna fitarwa suna bin siginar chemical don su taru su zama jiki ɗaya irin na slug lokacin da abinci ya ƙare.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙwayoyin halitta masu zaman kansu ba tare da tsarin jijiyoyi ba suke yarda su zama jiki ɗaya?

Yana barin: Yanayin dakin gwaji ya fi tsabta sosai fiye da ƙasar da ainihin halittar ke rayuwa a ciki.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin chemotaxis na haɗuwaTun: 1970 Samfurin Keller da Segel na taruwar slime mould ta chemotaxis

Taruwar bakteriya da quorum sensing

Miliyoyin bakteriya suna jin sigina na sinadarai na juna don sauyawa tare zuwa ɗabi’a ta haɗin gwiwa kamar yaɗuwa a saman ko haskakawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya al’ummar bakteriya ke sanin akwai isassun su da za su yi aiki tare?

Yana barin: Nau’ikan dakin gwaji da aka shuka a faranti suna ɗabi’a iri ɗaya fiye da ainihin al’ummar ƙwayoyin cuta mai gauraye.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin ƙungiyar bakteriya na wakilaiTun: 1994 kwaikwayon farko na da’irar quorum-sensing masu daidaita halin bakteriya

Ƙungiyoyin fara masu tafiya

Kwari ɗaya-ɗaya suna daidaita da maƙwabta a yawa mai girma, kuma ƙungiyoyi suna fara tafiya tare a alkibla ɗaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: A wane yawa ne fara suke sauya daga yawo bazuwar zuwa maci?

Yana barin: Ba a haɗa tsarin muhalli da abinci ba, kuma garken kwari na gaske suna tashi sama.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon ɓarbashi masu motsa kansu a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2006 Buhl and colleagues, from disorder to order in marching locusts. tushe

Motsi da neman abinci

Dabbobi suna neman abinci a yanayin ƙasa, ana yin samfuri a matsayin tafiya ta bazuwar da ƙa’idojin yanke shawara.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wannan dabba tana bincike da inganci, kuma me ta sani game da inda abinci yake?

Yana barin: Daidaita ƙididdigar tafiya ba ya tabbatar da abin da dabbar take ji da gaske.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana daidaita samfurin neman abinci na random-walk da bayanaiTun: 1996 Samfurin Levy flight na Viswanathan da abokan aiki na neman abincin albatross

Ƙaura da kewayawa

Tsuntsaye, kunkuru ko kifayen whale suna tafiya dubban kilomita ta amfani da rana, taurari, ƙamshi ko filin maganaɗisu.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne alamomi za su iya kai tsuntsu na shekarar farko zuwa nahiyar da ta dace?

Yana barin: Waɗanne alamomi ainihin dabbobi ke dogara da su, da yadda suke haɗa su, har yanzu ana muhawara.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon gano hanyar tsuntsaye ta alamuTun: 1996 kwaikwayon farko na amfani da alamun maganaɗisu da na sama wajen gano hanyar tsuntsaye

Motsin dabbobi

Kifi yana ninkaya, kwari suna tashi da dabbobi suna gudu, da ruwa ko ƙasa suna tura baya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙudan zuma masu girma ke tashi, kuma me ya sa kifaye ke iyo cikin tsari?

Yana barin: Siffofin fiffike da jiki masu sauƙi suna rasa cikakken bayanin da saman ainihin dabba ke bayarwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁴ FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da kwaikwayon tashi ko ninkaya na jiki a ruwaTun: 1994 samfuran fluid dynamics na farko na tashin kwari

Juyin halittar hali

Dabaru kamar faɗa, rabawa ko yaudara, ana buga su da juna cikin tsararraki da yawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa dabba za ta taɓa taimakon maƙwabci wanda ba dangi ba?

Yana barin: Dabaru suna fitowa daga jerin da mai ƙirar ya zaɓa, ba cikakken sararin hali ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da gasar wasan juyin halittaTun: 1981 Axelrod and Hamilton's simulated evolution of cooperation strategies

Samfuran waƙar tsuntsaye da koyon murya

Da’irar kwakwalwar matashin tsuntsu don kwafar waƙar malami, ana yin samfurinta a matsayin madauki na sensorimotor da yake kwatanta kukan kansa da samfurin da aka haddace.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙaramin tsuntsu ke mayar da surutu marasa ma’ana zuwa kwafin waƙar babban tsuntsu daidai?

Yana barin: Samfuran da aka gina don bayyana tsuntsayen waƙa ba su bayyana cewa suna dacewa da muryar sauran dabbobi ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana horar da samfurin koyon sensorimotorTun: 2002 samfuran lissafi na farko na koyon waƙa a zebra finch

Samfurin kasafin kuzari mai canzawa (dynamic)

Dukan kasafin kuzarin dabba ɗaya da ake bi a tsawon rayuwarta: abin da take ci, da yadda yake rabuwa tsakanin rayuwa, girma da haihuwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan dabba za ta girma ta haihu a ƙarƙashin wani abinci da zafi?

Yana barin: Ƙaramin saitin sigogi na duniya ba zai iya kama takamaiman siffofin kowane nau’i ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware ƙaramin tarin lissafin kwararar kuzariTun: 1986 Ka’idar kasafin kuzari mai canzawa ta Kooijman ga ɗaiɗaikun halittu

Motsin mafarauci da ganima

Yawan mafarauta da ganima suna ƙaruwa da raguwa a zagaye masu haɗe, ma’aunan Lotka–Volterra da zuriyarsu.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa yawan lynx da zomo ke jujjuyawa a zagaye?

Yana barin: Ainihin yawan jama’a suna da tsarin shekaru, sarari da ganima da yawa da samfurin ke watsi da su.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana warware lissafin Lotka-VolterraTun: 1925 Ma’aunan mafarauci da ganima na Lotka da Volterra

Gudanar da samfurin mai mu’amala

Sarƙoƙin abinci

Wane ke cin wane a dukan tsarin halittu, da yadda kuzari ke motsawa a cikinsa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke faruwa da sauran tsarin idan nau’i ɗaya ya ɓace?

Yana barin: Ainihin alaƙar ciyarwa ta fi wuyar aunawa fiye da yadda hanyoyin sadarwar samfuri ke ɗauka.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana nazarin kwanciyar hankalin samfurin sarƙoƙin abinciTun: 1972 Binciken kwanciyar hankali na Robert May na sarƙoƙin abinci na samfuri

Dynamics na daji

Itatuwa ɗaya-ɗaya suna tsirowa, suna gasa don haske da mutuwa cikin ƙarnuka.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan daji zai kasance bayan shekaru ɗari biyu?

Yana barin: Yadda nau’in itace zai amsa sauyin yanayi har yanzu yana da wuyar daidaitawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana bin bishiyoyi ɗaya-ɗaya a ƙarniTun: 1970 Botkin, Janak and Wallis's JABOWA gap model of forest succession

Gudanar da kamun kifi da namun daji

Kifi ko dabbobi a ƙarƙashin girbi, da haihuwa, girma da rashin tabbas.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa za a iya kamawa kowace shekara ba tare da yawan jama’a ya rushe ba?

Yana barin: Ƙididdigar kifaye ta dogara da bayanan kamawa waɗanda za su iya zama ba cikakku ba ko kuma a yi musu rahoto ba daidai ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin kimanta kifiTun: 1957 Beverton and Holt's dynamic model of exploited fish populations

Yankunan nau’ikan halittu

Inda nau’ikan halittu za su iya rayuwa, da yadda yankunansu ke sauyawa yayin da yanayi ke canzawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina wannan nau’i zai iya rayuwa cikin shekaru hamsin?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka yanayi shi ne babban iyakar tazarar da nau’i zai bazu a ciki, yana rage gasa da yaɗuwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana daidaita samfurin tazarar yanayin rayuwa da bayanaiTun: 1986 samfuran bioclimatic envelope na farko da suke hasashen rarraba nau’o’i

Cutar namun daji

Kamuwa tana motsawa ta cikin yawan dabbobi, kuma wani lokaci tana tsallakawa zuwa mutane.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan cuta za ta iya shafe jama’a, kuma koto na rigakafi zai iya dakatar da ita?

Yana barin: Yawan hulɗa tsakanin dabbobin daji yana da wuyar lura kai tsaye.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon yaɗuwar cuta a cikin al’ummar dajiTun: 1991 samfuran kwaikwayo na farko na yaɗuwar ciwon hauka ta al’ummar dila (fox)

Samfuran tsarin halittu na gaba ɗaya

Samfurin hanyoyi inda kowane nau’in halitta, daga plankton zuwa manyan dabbobi, yake ci, girma, haifuwa da yaɗuwa ta ƙa’idodi na tarayya a duniya baki ɗaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tsarin tsarin halittu a duniya baki ɗaya zai iya fitowa daga ƙa’idoji na halittu ɗaya-ɗaya?

Yana barin: Ba a bin diddigin nau’o’i ɗaya-ɗaya, ƙungiyoyin aiki kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁴ FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudun duniya bisa ƙungiyoyi na shekaru da yawa da aka kwaikwayaTun: 2014 Emergent global patterns of ecosystem structure and function from a mechanistic general ecosystem model (2014) tushe

Motsin metapopulation

Nau’i yana zaune a wuraren zama da yawa a yanayin ƙasa, yana ƙarewa a wasu yana sake mamaye wasu, kuma samfurin yana tambaya ko dukan zai dawwama.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin nau’i zai tsira a ƙasa da aka raba?

Yana barin: Ana wakiltar yaɗuwa da ƙaramin kernel kuma ana ɗaukar ingancin wurin zama na gida a matsayin wanda ba ya canzawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁸ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon mamaye yanki a kan laptop.Tun: 1994 Hanski, a practical model of metapopulation dynamics. tushe

Samfuran muhalli na ɗaiɗaikun halittu

Ana wakiltar kowace shuka ko dabba daban da yanayinta, don tsarin al’umma ya taso daga rayuka da yawa na ɗaiɗaiku.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne tsarin yawan jama’a ke samuwa daga mu’amalar mutane ɗaiɗai?

Yana barin: Sigogi na kowane mutum suna da wuyar aunawa kuma tabbatarwa tana da wahala.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon ɗaiɗaikun yanki a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1988 Huston, DeAngelis and Post, new computer models unify ecological theory. tushe

Samfuran juriyar murjani

Murjani, algae da kifayen kiwo suna gasa a kan duwatsun teku ta girma, kiwo da tangarɗa, kuma samfurin yana tambaya ko dutsen teku zai iya sauya daga murjani zuwa algae.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa kiwo ke hana rafin murjani ya koma algae?

Yana barin: An yi samfurin samar da tsutsotsi da tasirin ɗumamawa ta hanyoyi masu sauƙi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁸ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon duwatsun murjani na sararin yanki a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2007 Mumby, Hastings and Edwards, thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. tushe

Raga na ƙwayoyin da ke zama a jikin wani da kwari a sararin yanki

Masu masauki da parasitoids suna rayuwa a kan grid tare da motsi na kusa, kuma sifofin karkace da hargitsi masu sarƙaƙiya suna bayyana waɗanda ke daidaita mu’amalar da in ba haka ba ba ta da kwanciyar hankali.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin sarari zai iya bari masu farauta da abin farauta su zauna tare lokacin da ba za su iya ba in ba haka ba?

Yana barin: Ainihin yanayin ƙasa ba grid iri ɗaya ba ne.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai coupled-map lattices a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 1991 Hassell, Comins and May, spatial structure and chaos in insect population dynamics. tushe

Tantance dabarun gudanar da kamun kifi

Ana gudanar da kifayen da aka kwaikwaya da kamunsu a ƙarƙashin ƙa’idojin girbi daban-daban, da bayanai masu hayaniya da rashin tabbas da ake mayarwa cikin kowace ƙa’ida, don gano ƙa’idojin da ke aiki duk da kuskure.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace ƙa’idar girbi ke kiyaye adadi lafiya idan ba mu san girmansa ba?

Yana barin: Samfuran aiki suna dogara ne da zato game da ilimin halittar kifaye da masu kamawa waɗanda za su iya zama kuskure.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai dubban hasashen gudanarwa na kwaikwayo a gungu.Tun: 1999 Butterworth and Punt, experiences in evaluating and implementing management procedures. tushe

Samfuran tsarin halittu na daidaiton nauyi na trophic

Ana bayyana sarƙar abinci ta teku a matsayin kwararar nauyin halittu daidai tsakanin rukunai, sannan a gudanar da ita a kan lokaci don ganin tasirin kamun kifi ko sauye-sauyen masu farauta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke faruwa da dukan tsarin halittu idan aka yi kamun nau’i ɗaya sosai?

Yana barin: An haɗa ƙungiyoyi waje ɗaya kuma bayanan abinci ba su cika ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu na daidaito da na canji a kan lokaci a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 1997 Walters, Christensen da Pauly, tsara samfuran motsi na tsarin halittu da ake amfani da su daga ƙididdigar daidaiton nauyi na trophic. tushe

Samfuran muhallin plankton

Abinci mai gina jiki, phytoplankton, zooplankton da detritus a saman teku suna haɗe ta girma, kiwo da nutsewa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya samar da plankton ke amsawa ga haske, abinci mai gina jiki da haɗuwa?

Yana barin: An haɗa nau’o’i da yawa cikin ƙungiyoyi kaɗan kuma sigogi sun bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai an haɗa shi da samfuran zagayen teku a gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 1990 Fasham, Ducklow and McKelvie, a nitrogen-based model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer. tushe

Samfuran eutrophication na tafki

Ana yin samfurin abinci mai gina jiki, algae, shuke-shuke da kifaye a tafki maras zurfi don tambayar yaushe ruwa mai tsabta ke komawa ƙazanta da yadda za a maido da shi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa abinci mai gina jiki tafki zai iya ɗauka kafin ya ƙazance, kuma maido da shi zai sauya hakan?

Yana barin: Kowane tafki yana buƙatar daidaitawa nasa kuma dynamics na laka ba tabbatattu ba ne.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai ma’aunan bambanci na yau da kullum a kan laptop.Tun: 1995 Janse and Van Liere, PCLake, a modelling tool for evaluating lake restoration scenarios. tushe

Yaɗuwar tsutsotsin teku da haɗin kai

Ana saki tsutsotsin kama-da-wane daga duwatsun murjani kuma magudanan teku na samfuri ke ɗaukar su, suna gina taswirar waɗanne al’umma ke ba waɗanne.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne duwatsun murjani ke shuka waɗanne, kuma yaya girman yankin da aka kare ya kamata ya zama?

Yana barin: Ba a lura da ɗabi’ar tsutsotsi da mutuwarsu da kyau ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai bin diddigin ɓarbashi a fitarwar samfurin teku a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 2006 Cowen and colleagues, scaling of connectivity in marine populations. tushe

Samfuran ƙungiyar ƙudan zuma da muhalli

’Ya’yan ƙudan zuma, ma’aikata da ajiyar abinci na dukan ƙungiyar ƙudan zuma ana kwaikwayo su rana bayan rana, masu neman abinci suna ɗebo daga furanni a yanayin ƙasa suna fuskantar mites, magungunan kashe kwari da yanayi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan ƙungiyar kudan za ta tsira lokacin sanyi a wannan ƙasa?

Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa samar da furannin yankin da shawarar kudan zuma, kuma gazawar sarauniya da cuta an haɗa su ba tare da kulawa ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai mintuna ga kowace shekarar ƙungiya a kan laptop.Tun: 2014 Becher and colleagues' BEEHAVE model of honeybee colony dynamics and foraging. tushe

Aikin pollination a yankuna

Ana zana wuraren gina gidan kudan daji da albarkatun furanni a fadin ƙasa, kuma kowane gonar amfanin gona ana ba ta ƙiyasin masu yin pollination da ke ziyartarta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa pollination na amfanin gona muhallin da ke kewaye ke bayarwa, kuma me zai faru idan aka cire shi?

Yana barin: An rage neman abincin ƙudan zuma zuwa raguwar nisa daga gidaje, kuma yawan ƙudan zuma jagora ne mai rauni ga ainihin yawan amfanin gona.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁸ FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu zuwa mintuna ga kowane yanki a kan laptop.Tun: 2009 Samfurin Lonsdorf da abokan aikinsa na ayyukan pollination a yankunan noma. tushe

Samfuran yaɗuwar iri da pollen ta iska

Iri da pollen da aka saki a iska mai hargitsi ana ɗauka a alkiblar iska kuma suna faɗuwa bazuwar, suna gina rarraba inda suke sauka.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya nisa iri na shuka ke tafiya, kuma yaya sauri za ta iya yaɗuwa?

Yana barin: Dogayen tsalle da ba kasafai ba su ne suka fi muhimmanci ga yaɗuwa amma su ne mafi wuyar aunawa, don haka wutsiyar rarraba ba a san ta da kyau ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁸ FLOPS kimanta kawai mintuna a kan laptop.Tun: 1989 Okubo and Levin’s theoretical framework for data analysis of wind dispersal of seeds and pollen. tushe

Hasashen muhalli na gajeren lokaci

Ana gudanar da samfurin tsarin halittu gaba kwanaki zuwa shekaru ana sabunta shi duk lokacin da sababbin abubuwan da aka lura suka iso, kamar yadda ake yi a hasashen yanayi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a iya hasashen yanayin tafki, daji ko kamun kifi a kakar gaba, da sandunan kuskure na gaskiya?

Yana barin: Bayanan muhalli ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da na yanayi, kuma matakai ba a san su sosai ba, don haka hasashe sau da yawa da ƙyar yake doke ma’aunin kwatance mai sauƙi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai tarin dubban gudu da ake sabuntawa a gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 2018 Dietze and colleagues' framework for iterative near-term ecological forecasting. tushe

Samfuran muhallin size-spectrum

Dukkan halittun tsarin halittu an haɗa su gwargwadon girman jiki, kuzari yana motsawa daga ƙanana zuwa manya yayin da suke ci a ci su, kuma girma da mutuwa suna ƙaddara ta girma kaɗai.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya matsin kamun kifi ke sake fasalin daidaiton ƙananan kifaye da manya a teku?

Yana barin: Ba a la’akari da nau’in dabba, don haka dabbobi masu farauta masu girma ɗaya amma abinci daban-daban ana ɗaukar su iri ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai mintuna zuwa sa’o’i a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1978 Ma’aunin Silvert da Platt na kwararar kuzari ta muhallin pelagic ta girma wanda ya dogara da lokaci. tushe

Samfuran al’umma na tsaka-tsaki

Al’ummar halittu da ake ɗauka iri ɗaya a haihuwa, mutuwa da yaɗuwa, inda dama da ƙaura kaɗai ke yanke waɗanda suka fi yawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa daga tsarin yawan nau’o’i ba ya buƙatar wani bambanci tsakaninsu kwata-kwata?

Yana barin: Ainihin nau’o’i a fili sun bambanta, don haka samfurin yana aiki a matsayin ma’aunin tushe na rashin bambanci (null baseline) maimakon bayanin kowace al’umma.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai mintuna a kan laptop.Tun: 1976 Caswell's neutral model analysis of community structure. tushe

Kwayoyin halittar yawan jama’a

Bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta suna karkacewa ta dama (drift), suna sauyawa (mutation) kuma ana zaɓar su a tsararraki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa daga bambancin da muke gani na kwatsam ne, kuma nawa zaɓi ne?

Yana barin: Ainihin yawan jama’a suna keta zato mai sauƙi na haɗuwa bazuwar da girma maras canji.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon drift da zaɓi a genomeTun: 1964 kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko na genetic drift ƙarƙashin neutral theory

Kwaikwayon coalescent da phylogenetic

Bishiyoyin iyali na kwayoyin halitta ko nau’o’i, ana kwaikwayo su a baya cikin lokaci don gwada hanyoyin karanta ainihin DNA.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hanyar za ta iya dawo da ainihin tarihi daga DNA?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka tarihin al’umma mai sauƙi; ainihin alƙaluma sun fi rikitarwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon bishiyoyin kwayoyin halitta a baya cikin lokaciTun: 1983 Software na kwaikwayon coalescent na farko na Hudson don kwayoyin halittar yawan jama’a

Asalin rayuwa

Sinadarai masu sauƙi suna samar da hanyoyin sadarwa da ke kwafin kansu da gasa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sinadarai za su iya ƙetare iyaka zuwa ilimin halittu?

Yana barin: Babu kwaikwayon da ya samar da wani abu da za a ƙidaya a matsayin mai rai tukuna.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon hanyoyin sadarwa na sinadarai masu maimaita kansuTun: 1971 Eigen and Schuster's hypercycle models of self-replicating chemistry

Haɗin juyin halitta na mai masauki da ƙwayar cuta

Masu masauki suna haɓaka kariya kuma ƙwayoyin cuta suna haɓaka hanyoyin kewaye, kowace al’ummar tsara da aka yi wa kwaikwayo tana amsa ɗayar a cikin gasar makamai ta samfuri ba tare da wanda zai yi nasara na dindindin ba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tseren makamai tsakanin mai masauki da parasite yana kai daidaito, ko yana ci gaba har abada ba tare da wani ɓangare ya sami fa’ida mai ɗorewa ba?

Yana barin: Ainihin masauki da ƙwayoyin cuta suna juyin halitta tare da duk sauran abin da ke muhallinsu a lokaci guda.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin juyin halitta tare na tsararraki da yawaTun: 1990 kwaikwayon farko da ke gwada Red Queen hypothesis na juyin halitta tare

Samfuran samuwar nau’i da babban juyin halitta

Zuriya suna rarrabuwa, dawwama da ƙarewa cikin miliyoyin shekaru na kwaikwayo, ana gwada irin tsarin bambancin da siffar bishiyar iyali da ƙa’idoji masu sauƙi za su samar.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tsarin nau’o’in da muke gani zai iya zuwa daga haihuwa da mutuwar zuriya kawai?

Yana barin: Rubutun burbushi da kwayoyin halitta ba cikakku ba ne, don haka ƙa’idodi da yawa daban za su iya dacewa da tsari ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon hanyoyin haihuwa-mutuwa masu resheTun: 1969 samfuran haihuwa-mutuwa na farko na bambancin da ake amfani da su don nazarin bishiyoyin juyin halitta

Zaɓin jima’i da juyin zaɓin abokin aure

Yawan jama’a da aka kwaikwaya inda kayan ado da fifikon da ake yi masa suke canzawa tare ta juyin halitta, don gwada ko zaɓin mace kaɗai zai iya yin ta ƙaruwa har zuwa matuƙa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin zaɓen abokin aure kaɗai zai iya tuƙa hali zuwa matuƙa mai tsada, mai ban mamaki?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka fifiko da hali ana gadonsu kawai, wanda ya fi sauƙi fiye da yawancin ainihin zaɓen abokin aure.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin kwayoyin halitta na halaye masu haɗeTun: 1981 Samfurin Lande na kwayoyin halitta na yawan jama’a na zaɓin jima’i mai gudu

Adaptive dynamics na juyin halitta tare

Hali yana canzawa ta juyin halitta ta hanyar sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta (mutations) masu ƙaramin tasiri da ake gwada su a kan yawan jama’a na yanzu, yana kai ga yanayi masu kwanciyar hankali na juyin halitta ko rarrabuwa zuwa rassa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina juyin halitta ke zama, kuma yaushe layin zuriya ke rabuwa?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka sauye-sauye ba kasafai ba da sauƙaƙen filin hali.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai nazari da kwaikwayo a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 1996 Dieckmann and Law, the dynamical theory of coevolution derived from stochastic ecological processes. tushe

Samfuran al’umma na gene drive

Ana sakin wani sashen kwayoyin halitta da yake yaɗuwa fiye da gado na yau da kullum a cikin al’umma da aka yi samfurinta don tambaya ko zai iya murƙushe ko canza nau’in kwaro.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin gene drive zai yaɗu a cikin al’umma ta daji, kuma juriya za ta iya dakatar da shi?

Yana barin: Ainihin yaɗuwa da juyin juriya ba a san su da kyau ba kafin a saki.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁸ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon yawan halittu na sararin yanki tare da kwayoyin halitta a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2003 Burt, site-specific selfish genes as tools for the control and genetic engineering of natural populations. tushe

Kwaikwayon genome na lokacin gaba

Ana bin kowane mutum da kwayoyin halittarsa ta tsararraki, da zaɓi, haɗi da alƙaluma daban-daban, don ganin yadda ainihin tsarin DNA yake faruwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me zaɓi da tarihin al’umma ke bari a kwayoyin halittar nau’i?

Yana barin: Ana rage girman yawan jama’a don gudanarwar ta yiwu, wanda ke ɓata daidaiton zaɓi da drift.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁴ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki a gungun kwamfutoci don babban al’umma a tsararraki da yawa.Tun: 2013 SLiM na Messer, na’urar kwaikwayon juyin halitta ta gaba cikin lokaci mai zaɓi da haɗi. tushe

Dabarun faɗa tsakanin dabbobi

Ɗaiɗaikun mutane da ke haɗuwa ta bazuwar don gasa kan albarkatu suna zaɓa daga dabaru ƙayyadaddu, kuma haɗin ya daidaita a wanda babu wani mutant da zai iya inganta shi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaushe faɗa ko ja da baya ya fi kyau, idan aka ba da abin da wasu ke yi?

Yana barin: An rage dabbobi zuwa ɗan gajeren jerin dabaru ba tare da koyo, ƙwaƙwalwa ko bambancin mutum ɗaya-ɗaya ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu a kan laptop.Tun: 1973 “The logic of animal conflict” na Maynard Smith da Price. tushe

Nazarin yiwuwar rayuwar yawan jama’a

Haihuwa, mutuwa da bala’o’in ƙaramar al’umma da ke fuskantar barazana ana gudanar da su gaba cikin lokaci sau da yawa don kiyasin yiwuwar tsirarta da tsawon lokacin da za ta tsira.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya yiwuwar wannan yawan jama’a ya ƙare cikin shekara ɗari masu zuwa?

Yana barin: Ƙananan samfura na wani nau’in da ba kasafai ba suna sa lambobin shigarwa kansu su zama marasa tabbas sosai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da dubban hanyoyin stochasticTun: 1980 samfuran stochastic na farko da ke kiyasin haɗarin ƙarewa ga nau’ikan da ke cikin haɗari

Ƙirar wurin ajiya da hanyoyi

Ana ba wuraren da ake la’akari da su da haɗin tsakaninsu maki a kan kuɗi da nau’o’in da za su kare, ana neman ƙaramin hanyar sadarwa ta wuraren kariya da take rufe mafi yawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane saitin gonaki ke kare nau’ikan halittu mafi yawa da mafi ƙarancin kuɗi?

Yana barin: Yana inganta don bayanan nau’o’in da ke akwai, wanda ƙaramin kaso ne na abin da ke rayuwa a can.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware ingantawar zaɓen wuraren kariyaTun: 1988 algorithms na zaɓen wuraren kariya na tsari na farko don tsara kiyayewa

Tsara sake gabatarwa da ƙaura

Ƙaramar ƙungiyar waɗanda suka kafa da aka sake su a sabon wurin zama ko tsohon, ana bin ta gaba don ganin ko ta kafu, idan aka yi la’akari da iyawar yankin da kwayoyin halittar waɗanda suka kafa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin sakin waɗannan dabbobi a nan zai kafa dawwamammiyar al’umma da gaske?

Yana barin: Ingancin muhalli da haɗarin cuta a wurin saki galibi ana kimanta su ne kawai, ba a auna su ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin al’ummar da ƙaramin rukunin farko ya kafaTun: 1990 samfuran kwaikwayo na farko da aka yi amfani da su wajen tsara mayar da babban dabba mai shayarwa

Yaɗuwar nau’o’in mamayewa

Nau’in da aka shigo da shi yana yaɗuwa a yanayin ƙasa ɗakin bayan ɗaki, da tasirin shinge, yanka ko sarrafa ta halitta kan nisan da yake kaiwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri wannan mai kutsawa zai yaɗu, kuma ina ya kamata a fara kula?

Yana barin: Sababbin masu kutsawa sau da yawa suna yaɗuwa ta hanyoyin da babu kutsawa da ta wuce da ta shirya samfurin.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin yaɗuwa a yanayin ƙasaTun: 1951 Samfurin yaɗuwa na Skellam na yawan jama’a mai yaɗuwa

Wasannin farauta ba bisa ƙa’ida ba da sintirin hana shi

Masu gadi da mafarauta ba bisa ƙa’ida ba a matsayin ’yan wasa a wasan da aka maimaita a taswirar wuri da aka kare, ana amfani da shi don yanke shawarar inda sintiri ya kamata ya tafi idan ba za su iya zama a ko’ina ba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina ya kamata masu gadin ƙalilan su yi sintiri don yin mafi yawa a kan mai farauta mai dabara?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka mai farautar haram mai hankali da haƙuri, alhali yawancin farautar ta dama ce.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware wasan tsaro a kan taswirar sintiriTun: 2014 samfuran security-game na farko da aka yi amfani da su ga tsara sintirin masu tsaron namun daji

Samfurin sake dawo da daji da trophic cascade

Mai farauta ko wani nau’in keystone da aka mayar da shi cikin sarƙar abinci, ana bin sakamakon da yake haifarwa kan abin farauta, ciyayi har ma da koguna.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke faruwa da sauran tsarin halittu idan muka dawo da wannan nau’i?

Yana barin: Shahararrun cascades sun ɗauki shekaru da dama kafin su bayyana kuma sun fi sauƙin ƙirƙirar samfurinsu bayan faruwa fiye da hasashensu.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin sarƙoƙin abinci na nau’ikan da yawaTun: 1995 an sake dawo da kyarketai Yellowstone, daga baya an yi samfurin tasirin su na cascading