Rayuwa da magani
Sunadarai, sel, sassan jiki, majiyyata da annoba: ilimin halittu daga ma’aunin molecular zuwa jama’a.
Ana kwaikwayon ilimin halitta a kowane matakin tsari: atom a furotin, martani a tantani, tantani a nama, sassan jiki a jiki, jikuna a al’umma. Kowane mataki yana amfani da hanya daban. Haɗa matakan har yanzu matsala ce buɗaɗɗiya.
Naɗewa da motsin protein
Furotin a matsayin atom dubun-dubbai, yana girgiza, naɗewa da canza siffa a ruwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan sarƙar amino acids ke naɗewa zuwa tsari mai aiki mai girma uku?
Yana barin: Ko dogayen gudu suna rufe microseconds a mafi yawa, nesa da yawancin ainihin lokutan naɗewa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun GPU yana gudanar da microseconds na dukan-atom dynamicsTun: 1977 Kwaikwayon farko na motsin protein na McCammon, Gelin da KarplusA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Motsin sunadari
Haɗa ƙwayar zarra da ɗaurewar magani
Ƙwayoyin magani da ake la’akari da su da ake gwadawa a aljihun furotin da aka nufa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wanne cikin miliyan ɗin ƙwayoyin zarra ta halitta zai manne wa wannan abin da ake nufa?
Yana barin: Maki na docking kimantawa ne; yawancin masu ɗaurewa da aka hasashe ba sa aiki a dakin gwaji.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana docking miliyoyin ƙwayoyin zarra da ake la’akari da suTun: 1982 DOCK, shirin farko na haɗa ƙwayoyin zarra ta atomatik na Kuntz da abokan aikinsa
Membranes da hanyoyin ion
Fatar ƙwayar halitta mai kitse da ƙofofin sunadaran da ke barin ions su wuce ta cikinta.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙwayar jijiya ke buɗewa da rufe hanyoyinta?
Yana barin: Ainihin hanyoyi suna buɗewa da rufewa cikin milliseconds, tsawon da ya fi yawancin kwaikwayo kaiwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun GPU yana kwaikwayon lipid bilayer da hanyoyinsaTun: 1982 Motsin lipid bilayer na van der Ploeg da Berendsen
Cikakkun ƙwayoyin cutar virus
Kowane atom na ɓawon virus, wani lokaci miliyan ɗari, ana kwaikwayo su a lokaci guda.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙwayar cuta ke haɗuwa, kuma yaya take wargajewa a cikin ƙwayar halitta?
Yana barin: Gudanarwar tana rufe nanoseconds zuwa microseconds, nesa da ainihin zagayen kamuwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1017 FLOPS kimanta kawai supercomputer na ƙasa yana kwaikwayon ɓawon atom miliyan ɗariTun: 2006 Freddolino and Schulten's simulation of a satellite tobacco mosaic virus
Naɗewa da tsarin RNA
Jerin RNA a matsayin sarƙar tushe masu haɗuwa da kansu, suna naɗewa zuwa siffa takamaimai mai girma uku maimakon madaidaicin double helix na DNA.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya zaren RNA ke zama a siffar da ke ba shi damar aiki a matsayin mai hanzarta halayen sinadarai ko maɓallin tsari?
Yana barin: Tsarin da aka hasasshe sau da yawa yana buƙatar gyara na gwaji, kuma aiki ba ya biyo bayan siffa kai tsaye.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da manhajar naɗewar free-energyTun: 1981 Algorithm ɗin ninka RNA na mafi ƙarancin kuzari kyauta na Zuker da Stiegler
Enzyme catalysis
Wurin aiki na enzyme, abin da yake aiki a kai da sunadaran da ke kewaye, ana yin samfurinsu da kimiyyar quantum inda ɗaurewa ke karyewa da na gargajiya a ko’ina.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan enzyme ke ƙara saurin martani sau biliyan?
Yana barin: Ƙaramin ɓangare na protein ne kawai ake yi wa lissafin quantum mai nauyi, kuma inda za a zana wannan layi zaɓin samfuri ne.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da lissafin quantum da na gargajiya haɗeTun: 1976 Samfurin haɗin quantum da na gargajiya na Warshel da Levitt na halin sinadarin enzyme
Samfuran DNA da RNA na coarse-grained
Kowane nucleotide jiki ne mara lanƙwasa mai ƴan wuraren mu’amala, yana ba da damar kwaikwayon naɗewa, hybridisation da nanostructures.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya zaren ke haɗuwa biyu-biyu, naɗewa da haɗuwa zuwa tsare-tsaren da aka ƙera?
Yana barin: An maye gurbin bayanan atom da ion da mu’amala masu tasiri.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai Miliyoyin nucleotides a kan GPUTun: 2011 oxDNA, a coarse-grained DNA model (2011) tushe
Hasashen tsarin protein da aka koya
Neural network da aka horar da sanannun tsare-tsare da bayanan juyin halitta yana hasashen siffar naɗaɗɗen furotin daga jerinsa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane siffa mai girma uku sarƙar amino acid ke ninkewa zuwa?
Yana barin: Yana ba da tsari a tsaye, ba hanyar naɗewa ko motsi ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1018 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo a babban ma’auni; mintuna a kowane hasasheTun: 2018 Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning (2020, CASP13 entry 2018) tushe
Ensembles na furotin na generative
Samfurin generative da aka horar da tsare-tsare da kwaikwayo yana samar da siffofi da yawa na furotin maimakon siffa ɗaya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne siffofi na daban sunadaran za su iya ɗauka?
Yana barin: Yawan yanayi yana da kyau ne kawai gwargwadon kwaikwayon horo.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo tare da ɗaukar samfur mai sauƙin lissafiTun: 2024 AlphaFold meets flow matching for generating protein ensembles (2024) tushe
Molecular dynamics da masu sa kai ke lissafawa
Dubban gajerun hanyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙwayar zarra ta halitta ɗaya ana gudanar da su a kwamfutocin gida da aka bayar kuma a haɗa su don ganin al’amuran ninkewa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin gajerun gudu da yawa tare za su iya bayyana tsarin ƙwayar zarra a hankali?
Yana barin: Hanyoyin gajeru ne kuma masu zaman kansu, don haka dole a haɗa ƙididdiga wuri guda.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1017 FLOPS kimanta kawai Jimlar injunan masu sa kaiTun: 2000 Screen savers of the world unite! (2000), the distributed folding project tushe
Sinadarai na jiki bazuwar
Halayen sinadarai a cikin ƙwayar halitta ana harba su ɗaya bayan ɗaya bazuwar, saboda ƙwayoyin zarra sun yi ƙaranci don a yi matsakaici.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa ƙwayoyin halitta masu kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya ke bambanta a hali?
Yana barin: Yawanci yana zaton cikin ƙwayar halitta ya gauraya sosai, abin da sau da yawa ba haka yake ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da kwaikwayon martanin sinadarai na stochasticTun: 1977 Gillespie's exact stochastic simulation algorithm for chemical kinetics
Hanyoyin sadarwar daidaita kwayoyin halitta
Kwayoyin halitta suna kunna da kashe juna, a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta mu’amala.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙwayar halitta ke yanke shawarar wace irin ƙwaya za ta zama?
Yana barin: Yawancin hanyoyin sadarwar tsari na gaske an san su ne rabi kawai, don haka ana yawan zaton alaƙa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon yadda hanyar sadarwar kwayoyin halitta ke canzawaTun: 1969 Hanyoyin sadarwar Boolean bazuwar na Kauffman na tsarin kwayoyin halitta
Hanyoyin sadarwar metabolism
Kowane martanin chemical da tantani take amfani da shi don mayar da abinci kuzari da sassa, ana daidaita shi a matsayin hanyar sadarwa ta fluxes.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace kwayar halitta ya kamata mu kashe don wannan ƙaramar halitta ta samar da ƙarin sinadari mai amfani?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka yanayi mai daidaito da manufa mafi kyau da ainihin tantanin halitta ba lallai ya bi ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware samfurin flux balance na girman kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗayaTun: 1986 flux balance analysis na farko na hanyar sadarwar metabolic ta tantani
Samfuran cikakkiyar ƙwayar halitta
Kowace kwayar halitta da kowane aji na ƙwayar zarra a bakteriya ɗaya, ana bin su ta zagayen rabuwa cikakke ɗaya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za mu iya hasashen tantani mai rai daga jerin sassanta?
Yana barin: Bakteriya mai sauƙi ɗaya kawai aka taɓa yi mata samfuri cikakke haka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da zagayen rabuwa ɗaya na bakteriyaTun: 2012 Samfurin dukan ƙwayar halitta na Mycoplasma genitalium na Karr da abokan aikinsa
Samuwar tsari
Sinadarai suna yaɗuwa suna mayar da martani a kan nama mai girma, hanyar da Alan Turing ya ba da shawara don ratsi da tabo.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya hanyoyin reaction-diffusion ke bayyana tsarin fatar dabbobi da samuwar yatsu a gaɓa?
Yana barin: Ainihin kyallen jiki suna amfani da ƙarfin inji da ƙarin sigina fiye da samfurin sinadarai biyu.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware lissafin reaction-diffusion a kan gridTun: 1952 Lissafin Turing na yaɗuwa da halayen sinadarai don The Chemical Basis of MorphogenesisA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Reaction-diffusion na Turing
Girman nama da ƙari
Ƙwayoyin halitta ɗaya-ɗaya suna rarrabuwa, motsawa, gasa don oxygen da mutuwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙari ke girma, kuma yaya jadawalin magani zai iya tsayar da shi?
Yana barin: Ƙimar rabuwa da mutuwa a cikin ainihin ƙari suna da wuyar aunawa kai tsaye.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana bin dubban ƙwayoyin halitta masu rabuwa ɗaya-ɗayaTun: 1993 samfuran cellular automaton na farko na girman ƙari mai ƙarfi
Samfuran martanin tantani ga tsoma baki (perturbation)
Samfurin da aka horar da bayanan tantanin halitta ɗaya yana hasashen yadda bayyanar kwayar halitta ta tantanin halitta take canzawa bayan magani ko gyaran kwayar halitta da ba a auna da shi ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ƙwayar halitta za ta yi bayan wani tsoma baki da babu wanda ya gwada tukuna?
Yana barin: Na alaƙa ne; yana yin hasashe mara kyau ga nau’ikan tantani ko magunguna masu nisa da bayanan horo.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai Manyan tarin horo na ƙwayar halitta ɗayaTun: 2019 scGen predicts single-cell perturbation responses (2019) tushe
Samfuran kansa masu tushen wakilai na juyin halitta
Ƙwayoyin ciwon daji ɗaya-ɗaya a kan grid suna rarrabuwa, canzawa da gasa a cikin muhalli mai canzawa na oxygen da acid.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya siffar ƙari da halaye masu tsanani ke fitowa daga matsin zaɓi?
Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa ƙa’idodi, kuma samar da jini da ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki galibi ba su nan.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai Miliyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a kan ɗigo ɗayaTun: 2006 Tumor morphology and phenotypic evolution driven by selective pressure from the microenvironment (2006) tushe
Samfuran metabolism na al’ummar ƙwayoyin cuta
Ana haɗa hanyoyin sadarwar metabolic na girman genome na nau’o’i da yawa don sharar ɗaya ta zama abincin wani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙananan halittu na hanji ko ƙasa ke raba abinci mai gina jiki su daidaita tare?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka yanayi mai daidaito da girma mafi kyau, yana watsi da ƙa’ida da sarari.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai Shirye-shiryen layi a kan nau’o’i da yawaTun: 2007 Metabolic modeling of a mutualistic microbial community (2007) tushe
Girman kansa da martanin magani
Ƙari mai tauri da ake ɗauka a matsayin gungu da iskar oxygen da abinci masu yaɗuwa ke ciyarwa, mai gefen da ƙwayoyi ke ninkawa da tsakiya da ya mutu saboda rashin abinci, sannan a fallasa shi ga radiation ko magani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri ƙari ke girma, kuma nawa wani adadi ke rage shi?
Yana barin: Ainihin ƙari yana bambanta tsakanin majinyata da cikin kansa. Samfurin yana amfani da matsakaitan sigogi da siffa mai sauƙi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfurin reaction-diffusion mai girma uku mai jadawalin magani a makonni na lokacin da aka kwaikwaya.Tun: 1972 Greenspan, models for the growth of a solid tumour by diffusion. tushe
Juyin halittar muhallin ƙari
Ƙwayoyin ciwon daji ɗaya-ɗaya a kan grid suna gasa don oxygen da sarari yayin da gangaren acid ke zaɓar sababbin phenotypes, don haka ƙari yana haɓaka yayin da yake girma.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin nama da ke kewaye yana tura ƙari zuwa ƙwayoyi masu mamayewa?
Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa ƙa’idojin tantani kuma sigogi suna da wuyar aunawa a ƙari masu rai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar haɗakar wakilai da ci gaba a tsawon watanni da aka yi wa kwaikwayo a kan kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungu.Tun: 2006 Anderson and colleagues, hybrid discrete-continuum model of microenvironment-driven phenotypic evolution. tushe
Girman hanyoyin jini da ƙari ke jawo
Ƙwayoyin endothelial suna toho suna ƙaura sama a kan gradient na chemical da ƙari yake fitarwa, suna samar da hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi mai rassa da take ciyar da shi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙari ke jawo samar da jini, kuma me zai faru idan aka toshe siginar?
Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa kwararar jini a jijiyoyin jini, sake ginawa da ainihin sinadarai na sigina sosai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar tsirowa masu girma biyu ko uku a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1998 Anderson and Chaplain, continuous and discrete models of tumour-induced angiogenesis. tushe
Dynamics na amsa da juriya ga maganin ciwon daji
Yawan ƙwayoyin ciwon daji na al’ada, masu saurin kamuwa da magani da masu juriya suna canzawa a ƙarƙashin jinyar magani, don haka majinyaci yana inganta da farko sannan zai iya komawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Har yaushe magani zai sarrafa cutar kafin juriya ta bayyana?
Yana barin: Ana yin samfurin ɗakunan da za a iya aunawa ne kawai, kuma ana kimanta ɗabi’ar ƙwayar halitta ta tushe.
Yana gudana a: kusan 108 FLOPS kimanta kawai ma’aunan bambanci na yau da kullum da aka daidaita da auna jinin majinyaci.Tun: 2005 Michor and colleagues, dynamics of chronic myeloid leukaemia. tushe
Dynamics na samar da ƙwayoyin jini
Ƙwayoyin asali, na farko da balagaggun ƙwayoyin jini suna da alaƙa ta martani mai jinkiri, suna samar da adadi mai karko ko juyawa lokacin da sarrafa ya kasa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa wasu cututtukan jini ke zagayawa, kuma me ke dawo da samarwa na yau da kullum?
Yana barin: Ainihin bargon ƙashi yana da tsarin sarari da nau’ikan ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa da aka haɗa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 106 FLOPS kimanta kawai lissafin delay differential a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 1978 Mackey, a unified hypothesis for aplastic anaemia and periodic haematopoiesis. tushe
Girman gungun bakteriya da biofilms
Ana kwaikwayon kowane tantanin bakteriya a matsayin ɗaiɗaiku mai girmansa, haɓakarsa da matsayinsa, yana cin abinci mai yaɗuwa a cikin ƙungiyar bakteriya ko biofilm.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ke samun siffarsu kuma yaya ƙwayoyin cikin suke rayuwa?
Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa halin tantani kuma ba a kama chemistry na ainihin biofilm matrix ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai girman ɗaiɗaikun miliyoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 1998 Kreft, Booth and Wimpenny, BacSim, a simulator for individual-based modelling of bacterial colony growth. tushe
Zuciya
Taguwar lantarki a tsokar zuciya da matsewa da kwararar jini da suke tuƙawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan magani ko na’ura zai sa bugun zuciya mara tsari ya yi muni?
Yana barin: Bambancin mutum ɗaya tsakanin zukata na gaske har yanzu yana da wuyar ɗauka a samfuri ɗaya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da bugun zuciya ɗaya na electromechanics na dukan zuciyaTun: 1960 Samfurin kwamfuta na Noble na action potential na ƙwayar Purkinje fibre ɗaya; samfuran dukan zuciya sun zo daga baya tusheA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Samfurin ƙwayar halittar zuciya
Kwararar jini
Jini yana motsawa ta jijiyoyin jini, jijiyoyin dawowa da na’urori kamar stents da bawul.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina wannan jijiya ke iya raunana ko toshewa?
Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar bangon jijiyoyi a matsayin tsayayyu sau da yawa, abin da ke rasa ainihin sassaucinsu na miƙewa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da kwaikwayon kwararar jijiyar jini ta majiyyaci na musammanTun: 1989 Samfurin finite-element na Perktold da abokan aikinsa na kwararar jijiyar carotid
Numfashi da hanyoyin iska
Iska tana motsawa ta hanyoyin iska masu rassa da ƙwayoyin da take ɗauka.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina magungunan da ake shaƙa, ko gurɓatattu, ke ƙarewa?
Yana barin: Yawancin samfura suna amfani da bishiyar hanyar iska ɗaya ta kamala maimakon na wani mutum na musamman.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon kwararar iska ta bishiyar hanyar iska mai rassaTun: 1993 samfuran fluid dynamics na farko na kwararar iska a bishiyar bronchial
Biomechanics na tsoka da ƙashi
Ƙasusuwa, haɗin gwiwa da tsokoki a matsayin tsarin injin da aka haɗa, tafiya, ɗagawa da faɗuwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne tsokoki ke ɗaukar nauyi, kuma yaya ya kamata a siffanta wannan dasa?
Yana barin: Ƙarfi a cikin ainihin gaɓa ana kiyasin su a kaikaice, ba a auna su ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware samfurin tsoka da ƙashi na motsi ɗayaTun: 1990 Delp and colleagues' computer models of musculoskeletal motion
Martanin garkuwar jiki
Ƙwayoyin garkuwar jiki da ƙwayoyin cuta suna haɗuwa, suna haihuwa da aika sigina a cikin jiki.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa wasu cututtuka ke gushewa wasu kuma suna zama na kullum?
Yana barin: Ainihin siginar garkuwar jiki ta fi sarƙaƙiya sosai fiye da yadda kowane samfuri ke bi gaba ɗaya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da kwaikwayon garkuwar jiki na wakilaiTun: 1992 Celada and Seiden's cellular automaton model of the immune response
Pharmacokinetics
Magani da ake sha, yana yaɗuwa ta sassan jiki, ana rushe shi a fitar da shi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane adadi, sau nawa, ga wanda ke da wannan shekaru da nauyi?
Yana barin: Samfurin matsakaicin al’umma zai iya rasa yadda wani majiyyaci na musamman yake sarrafa magani.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware samfurin magani na compartmentalTun: 1937 Samfurin ɗakuna biyu na Teorell na rarraba magani
Gwaje-gwajen asibiti a cikin kwamfuta
Yawan majinyata na kama-da-wane masu ainihin bambanci, ana ba su magani kafin ko tare da ainihin gwaji.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane ne wannan magani zai iya taimakawa, kuma wane zai iya cutarwa?
Yana barin: Masu ƙa’ida har yanzu suna buƙatar ainihin gwaje-gwaje tare. Majinyata na kama-da-wane ba za su iya maye gurbinsu gaba ɗaya ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da dubban marasa lafiya na kama-da-waneTun: 2011 Zuwa 2011, gwajin in silico na farko da aka gabatar tare da shaida ga na’ura
Tagwayen dijital na zuciya
Samfuran zuciya da aka daidaita da hotuna da sigina na majiyyaci ɗaya, ana amfani da su don hasashen yadda wannan zuciya za ta amsa magani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya zuciyar wannan majinyaci za ta amsa wani magani na musamman?
Yana barin: Ingancin daidaitawa yana dogara da bayanan hoto, kuma ana zaton kaddarorin nama.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudanarwar lantarki-injina na keɓaɓɓu tare da daidaitawaTun: 2020 The 'Digital Twin' to enable the vision of precision cardiology (2020) tushe
Samfuran hasashe na jijiyoyi na sassan kwakwalwa na ji
Neural network da aka horar da martanin da aka naɗa ya zama wakilin wani yanki na kwakwalwa, yana bari masu bincike su gwada abubuwan da suka fi motsa neurons in silico.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane abin ƙarfafawa ke tuƙa wata jijiya mafi ƙarfi?
Yana barin: Hasashe yana buƙatar tabbatarwa a ainihin nama kuma yana rufe dabbobin da aka gwada ne kawai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo a kan rikodi, sannan gwaje-gwajen kama-da-wane marasa iyakaTun: 2019 Inception loops discover what excites neurons most using deep predictive models (2019) tushe
Samfuran filin ƙarfafa kwakwalwa
Samfuran kai na finite-element suna bin yadda wutar lantarki daga electrodes ko coils take yaɗuwa ta fatar kai, kokon kai da naman kwakwalwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina a kwakwalwa filin lantarki daga na’urar ƙarfafawa ke sauka?
Yana barin: Ƙarfin watsa nama ba shi da tabbas, kuma martanin jijiya ba a kwaikwayon sa ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Maganin finite-element a kan ragar kai ɗaya-ɗayaTun: 2009 Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation (2009) tushe
Samfuran fallasar magani na al’ummar kama-da-wane
Samfuran jigilar magani na dukan jiki da ake gudanarwa a al’ummar wucin gadi da ke bambanta a shekaru, kwayoyin halitta da aikin sassan jiki.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa matakan magani za su bambanta tsakanin yara, tsofaffi da majinyata masu cutar sassan jiki?
Yana barin: Yana dogara da bayanan enzyme da transporter da aka auna.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai Dubban mutane kama-da-wane a kwamfutar aikiTun: 2009 The Simcyp population-based ADME simulator (2009) tushe
Samfuran al’ummomin ƙananan halittu na hanji
Dozin kaɗan na nau’ikan bakteriya a hanji suna mu’amala ta gasa da ciyar da juna, ana bin yawansu a kan lokaci ƙarƙashin canjin abinci ko maganin ƙwayoyin cuta (antibiotic).
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne nau’ikan halittu ke zama karko a hanji, kuma wace damuwa za ta iya karkatar da al’umma?
Yana barin: Ana kimanta ƙarfin mu’amala daga bayanai masu hayaniya kuma ƙila ba su dace ba a wajen yanayin da aka ɗauka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai daidaita Lotka-Volterra na gaba ɗaya da kwaikwayon al’ummar metabolic a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2013 Stein da abokan aiki, samfurin muhalli daga tantance jerin lokaci na ƙananan halittun hanji. tushe
Shirin tiyata da samfuran da suka dace da majiyyaci
Ana mayar da hoton scan zuwa samfurin jikin mutum na kai, a yi amfani da zaɓin tiyata a kama-da-wane, a lissafa kwarara ko matsin don kwatanta sakamako kafin aiki.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane zaɓin tiyata ke ba wannan majiyyaci mafi kyawun sakamako?
Yana barin: Ana zaton kaddarorin nama daga matsakaita kuma ba a yi samfurin warkewa bayan tiyata ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai warwarewar kwarara ko matsin guda ɗaya ga kowane shirin da aka tsara, sa’o’i a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 1999 Taylor da abokan aiki, magani mai hasashe ta amfani da dabarun lissafi don yanke shawarar magani. tushe
Mu’amalar ruwa da tsari a bawul ɗin zuciya
Ganyen bawul mai lanƙwasa da jinin da yake gudana a kewayensa ana lissafa su tare, yayin da kwararar da yake sarrafawa take buɗe shi sannan ta buga shi ya rufe.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya bawul ke buɗewa da rufewa, kuma yaya bawul ɗin maye ke canza kwararar?
Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa kaddarorin kayan bawul da motsin tsoka da ke kewaye.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai warwarewar ruwa mai iyaka mai motsi a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 1972 Peskin, flow patterns around heart valves, introducing the immersed boundary method. tushe
Daidaitawar ƙashi da sake siffantuwar abin da aka dasa
Samfuran ƙashi na finite-element inda ake ƙara nama a inda matsin ya yi yawa a cire inda ya yi ƙasa, a watanni da shekaru.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙashi zai canza a kewayen dasa cikin lokaci?
Yana barin: Ƙa’idar sake ginawa doka ce ta phenomenological kuma tana bambanta tsakanin marasa lafiya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai warwarewar finite-element na maimaitawa a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1987 Huiskes and colleagues, adaptive bone-remodelling theory applied to prosthetic design. tushe
Samfuran tsoka da ƙashi don tiyata
Ƙasusuwa, haɗin gwiwa da masu aiki na tsoka-da-jijiya na ƙafa ko hannu ana yin samfuri don a gwada tasirin canjin tiyata, kamar canja wurin jijiya, kan motsi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin dasa wannan jijiya zai inganta yadda majiyyaci ke tafiya?
Yana barin: An kimanta kunna tsoka, ba a auna ba, kuma ba a yi samfurin sarrafa jijiya ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai inverse dynamics da inganta tsokoki a kan laptop.Tun: 1990 Delp and colleagues, an interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgery. tushe
Lissafin adadin radiotherapy
Ana bin photons ko protons ta hoton majinyaci ta jigilar Monte Carlo don lissafa adadin radiation da aka kai ga ƙari da nama mai lafiya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hasken da aka tsara yana kai adadin da ake so ga ƙari yayin da yake kare sassan da ke kusa?
Yana barin: Binciken hoto ne na lokaci guda, don haka motsin majiyyaci da canjin jiki yayin magani ƙiyasi ne.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin zuwa biliyoyin tarihi ga kowane tsari a kan gungun kwamfutoci ko GPU.Tun: 1988 Mackie and colleagues, photon energy deposition kernels generated with the EGS Monte Carlo code. tushe
Phantoms na jikin mutum na kama-da-wane don hoto
Jikin ɗan Adam na dijital masu cikakkun sassan jiki da motsin bugawa ko numfashi, ana amfani da su a matsayin abin kwaikwayon scan don a gwada hanyoyin hoto a kan gaskiya da aka sani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan na’urar scan da algorithm za su iya gano lahani da aka sani?
Yana barin: Phantom samfurin siffa ne da aka daidaita da wasu ƙalilan mutane kuma ba ya kama cikakkiyar tazarar siffofin jikin mutum.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai bin hanyar haske ko kwaikwayon jigila ga kowane hoto a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2010 Segars and colleagues, the 4D XCAT phantom for multimodality imaging research. tushe
Kwaikwayon hoton magnetic resonance
Ana kwaikwayon fiziks na spin na nukiliya a filin maganadisu ta jerin bugun don samar da hoton binciken jikin kama-da-wane.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane hoto wannan jeri zai samar ga wannan nama?
Yana barin: Ƙimar sakin nama matsakaita ne kuma motsi da lahani na kayan aiki ana yin samfurinsu ɗan kaɗan.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Kwaikwayon lissafin Bloch na cikakken yanki mai girma uku a GPU.Tun: 2005 Benoit-Cattin and colleagues, the SIMRI interactive MRI simulator. tushe
Kwaikwayon warkewar karyewa
Matsin inji a gibin warkewar ƙashi da ya karye yana tantance ko nama zai samu a matsayin guringuntsi, sabon ƙashi ko tabon zare.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan gyaran karaya zai bar ƙashi ya warke?
Yana barin: Ƙa’idar bambance nama ta gwaji ce kuma samar da jini an sauƙaƙa shi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai maganin finite-element a makonni da aka kwaikwaya a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1999 Claes and Heigele, local stress and strain along bony surfaces predicting the course and type of fracture healing. tushe
Motsin ƙwayar cuta a cikin mai masaukinta
Ana bin virus a waje da tantani, tantanin da ya kamu da tantanin da aka nufa a cikin majiyyaci ɗaya, kuma canjinsu bayan fara magani yana bayyana saurin da ake samar da virus da kawar da shi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri ƙwayar cuta ke ƙaruwa a cikin mutum, kuma me magani ke canzawa?
Yana barin: Ba a wakilci tsarin nama da wuraren kamuwa banda jini ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 107 FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙananan lissafin differential masu haɗe da aka dace da jerin lokaci na majiyyaci.Tun: 1996 Perelson and colleagues, HIV-1 dynamics in vivo. tushe
Ajiyar kwararar jini a jijiyoyin zuciya daga scan
Ana lissafa kwararar jini ta jijiyoyin zuciya daga hoton zuciya don kiyasin ko ƙuntatar jijiya tana hana kwarara isa har ta buƙaci stent.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wannan ƙunƙunta ya isa ya yunwatar da tsokar zuciya daga jini?
Yana barin: Ana kimanta yanayin iyaka a ƙananan jijiyoyin jini daga majiyyaci maimakon a auna.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai warwarewar kwararar ɗaya ta musamman ga majinyaci ga kowane hoto a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 2013 Taylor da abokan aiki, CFD da aka yi amfani da shi a CT na zuciya don ƙididdige ragowar kwararar jini ba tare da tiyata ba. tushe
Kimiyyar motsin cochlear
Raƙuman sauti a cikin ruwan kunnen ciki an haɗa su da fatar da ke girgiza a cikin cochlea, suna samar da raƙuman tafiya da ke rarraba sautuka.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya kunne ke mayar da sauti zuwa sigina mai lambar wuri?
Yana barin: Ƙarfafawa mai aiki na ƙwayoyin gashi ana wakiltarsa ta martani da aka ƙiyasta.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai maganin finite-difference na ruwan cochlear a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1981 Neely, a finite-difference solution of a two-dimensional model of the cochlea. tushe
Kimiyyar aikin jiki ta haɗin dukan jiki
Matsin jini, koda, daidaiton ruwa da hormones an haɗa su cikin samfuri ɗaya na zagayawa da tsarinta.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya jiki ke sarrafa hawan jini, kuma me zai faru idan wani sashe ya gaza?
Yana barin: Kowane sashin jiki ɗaki ne da aka tattara kuma babu bayanin tantani.
Yana gudana a: kusan 106 FLOPS kimanta kawai ɗaruruwan ma’aunai na bambanci a kan laptop.Tun: 1972 Guyton, Coleman and Granger, circulation: overall regulation. tushe
Canja wurin zafi na halitta da hyperthermia
Gudanar zafi a cikin nama tare da jini yana kwashe zafi, ana amfani da shi don hasashen zafin jiki lokacin zazzaɓi, damuwar zafi ko maganin ciwon daji da zafi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya zafin da nama ke yi kuma yaya zurfin zafin yake shiga?
Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar kwararar jini a matsayin wurin ɗaukar zafi iri ɗaya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai maganin zafi na finite-element a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1948 Pennes, analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm. tushe
Samfuran jigilar nephron na koda
Ruwa, gishiri da urea suna motsawa ta madaukai da tubules na koda, ana warware su a matsayin kwararar da aka haɗa don nuna yadda fitsari ke ƙara yawan sinadaransa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsarin bututun kodar da ke gudana a kishiyar alkibla ke ba ta damar tattara fitsari?
Yana barin: Ana auna kaddarorin tubule da tsarin girma uku a nau’ikan kaɗan, don haka ana tsawaita sigogi daga dabbobi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai mintuna zuwa sa’o’i a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1966 Nazarin Stephenson na taruwa a tsarin kishiyar kwarara na koda. tushe
Samfuran igiyoyin murya da samar da murya
Igiyoyin murya a matsayin abubuwa masu nauyi a kan marmaro da iskar huhu ke tuƙa su, an haɗa su da siffar maƙogwaro da baki, don samar da sauti mai murya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane saitin zahiri na ninki ke samar da murya mai tsabta, mai numfashi ko mai kaushi?
Yana barin: An rage ninkin zuwa ƙananan abubuwa masu nauyi kaɗan, don haka matakan nama da cikakken kwararar iska mai girma uku ba a kama su ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 108 FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu zuwa mintuna ga kowace jumlar sautin murya.Tun: 1972 Samfurin two-mass na igiyoyin murya na Ishizaka da Flanagan don samar da sautunan murya. tushe
Samfuran agogon circadian
Oscillators da aka haɗa a madadin agogon jiki suna amsa haske da lokacin hutu, suna hasashen yadda barci da faɗakarwa suke canzawa da sauye-sauyen jadawali ko tafiya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Har yaushe agogon jiki ke ɗauka don daidaitawa bayan tafiyar jirgi ko canjin aiki?
Yana barin: Ƴan oscillators suna tsayawa a madadin dukan hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyi, kuma mutane suna bambanta sosai a lokacin agogo da jin haske.
Yana gudana a: kusan 105 FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu a kan laptop.Tun: 1982 Samfurin lissafi na tsarin circadian na ɗan adam mai masu girgiza biyu masu mu’amala na Kronauer da abokan aikinsa. tushe
Samfuran annoba na ɓangare
Al’umma da aka raba zuwa masu saukin kamuwa, masu cuta da waɗanda suka warke, da ƙimar da ke kwarara tsakaninsu.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya girman wannan ɓarkewar cuta zai kai, kuma yaushe zai kai kololuwa?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka haɗuwa iri ɗaya, kowane mutum yana haɗuwa da kowa a ƙima ɗaya, wanda ainihin tsarin hulɗa ba ya gamsarwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana warware ƴan lissafin annoba masu haɗeTun: 1927 Ma’aunan Kermack da McKendrick na ɓarkewar cuta mai rufe
Annobar wakilai
Al’umma ta roba ta duk birni ko ƙasa, kowane mutum da gida, makaranta ko wurin aiki, da abokan hulɗa da cuta take bi ta cikinsu.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne matakai ne ke rage yaɗuwa mafi yawa, da ƙarancin kuɗi?
Yana barin: Yana buƙatar cikakken bayanan gida, makaranta da wurin aiki da ƙasashe da yawa ba su da su.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon al’ummar roba ta girman ƙasaTun: 2005 Samfuran wakilai na annobar mura na Longini, Ferguson da abokan aikinsu
Juyin halittar ƙwayar cuta
Maye-gurbin kwayoyin halitta suna bayyana da yaɗuwa a cikin ƙwayar cuta ko bakteriya yayin da take wucewa tsakanin masu masauki.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri juriya ga wannan magani za ta iya haɓaka?
Yana barin: Ainihin shimfidar maye-gurbi da dacewa sun fi sarƙaƙiya sosai fiye da ’yan loci kaɗan.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon juyin halittar juriya ga maganiTun: 1990 samfuran stochastic na farko na juyin halittar juriya ga magani a HIV
Nauyin cuta da samfurin tattalin arzikin lafiya
Cuta da maganinta da ake bi a matsayin yiwuwar rashin lafiya, naƙasa, kuɗi da mutuwa, ana amfani da su don kwatanta waɗanne ayyukan lafiya ne suka fi alheri a kowane fam da aka kashe.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane magani ko shiri ke ba da mafi yawan shekarun rayuwa lafiya ga kuɗin?
Yana barin: Ba da lamba ga shekarar rayuwa ko wahala hukunci ne na ƙima da aka gabatar a matsayin lissafi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin tasirin farashi na ƙungiyar mutaneTun: 1993 binciken nauyin cututtuka na shekarun rayuwa da nakasa na Bankin Duniya na duniya
Ilimin kwayoyin halittar ɓarkewar cuta
Kwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta da aka ɗauka yayin ɓarkewa, ana amfani da su don gina bishiyar iyali ta kamuwa da gano wanda ya fi yiwuwa ya kamu da wane da yadda yake girma da sauri.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan ɓarkewar ke yaɗuwa a gaske, bayan abin da bin diddigin tuntuɓa kaɗai zai iya gani?
Yana barin: Kawai lamuran da aka yi sequencing ne ke bayyana a bishiyar, don haka samfur ƙarami ko karkatacce na iya ruɗarwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gina bishiyoyi daga dubban genomesTun: 2013 bin diddigin kwayoyin halitta a lokaci na gaske na ɓarkewar Ebola a Yammacin Afirka
Tantance haɗarin muhalli da fallasa sinadarai
Yadda bayyanar yawan jama’a ga gurɓataccen abu, ƙazantar abinci ko adadin radiation ke komawa zuwa yiwuwar cuta, ana gudanar da shi a kan tazarar rashin tabbacin bayanan.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa daga wannan sinadari ne ke da aminci ga dukan al’umma ta kasance a fallasa gare shi?
Yana barin: Tsawaita sakamako daga manyan adadin magani da aka gwada a dabbobi zuwa ƙananan adadi a mutane hukunci ne da ba ya ƙarewa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin Monte Carlo na amsa ga adadin maganiTun: 1983 tsarin Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka don tantance haɗarin sinadarai
Samfuran annoba na hanyar sadarwar motsi
Yaɗuwar cuta da aka kwaikwaya a hanyar sadarwar birane ta duniya da aka haɗa ta bayanan zirga-zirga da tafiyar jirgin sama.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri ɓarkewar cuta za ta isa wasu yankuna da ƙasashe?
Yana barin: Haɗuwa a cikin kowane birni an sauƙaƙa ta, kuma ba a yi samfurin sauyin ɗabi’a ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudanarwa bazuwar a fadin dubban ƙananan al’ummaTun: 2009 Multiscale mobility networks and the spatial spreading of infectious diseases (2009) tushe
Samfuran zazzaɓin cizon sauro na ɗaiɗaikun mutane
Mutane, sauro da parasites na kwaikwayo suna bin kamuwa a cikin mai masauki da yaɗuwa don gwada dabarun sarrafawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane gauraya na gidajen sauro, magunguna da allurar rigakafi zai rage yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro?
Yana barin: An yi samfurin muhallin sauro da tsarin lafiya na gida ta hanya maras cikakken bayani.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudanarwar bazuwar da yawa na ƙauyen kwaikwayoTun: 2008 Towards a comprehensive simulation model of malaria epidemiology and control (2008) tushe
Cibiyoyin samfurin yanayi
Ƙungiyoyin samfuri da dama suna gudanar da zato iri ɗaya na ‘idan’ game da alluran rigakafi ko bambance-bambance, kuma ana haɗa hasashen cikin tarin ɗaya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace tazarar makomai ke biyo bayan kowace manufa ko zaton nau’i?
Yana barin: Yanayi suna da sharaɗi, ba hasashen abin da zai faru ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Tarin samfuran annoba na ƙungiyoyi da yawaTun: 2020 US COVID-19 Scenario Modeling Hub, daga Disamba 2020 tushe
Samfuran bin diddigin hulɗa na dijital
Samfuran yaɗuwa tare da matakin bin diddigi na app suna ƙiyasta yadda dole ne a yi bin diddigi da keɓewa da sauri don dakatar da yaɗuwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri dole a bi diddigin tuntuɓa don a shawo kan annoba?
Yana barin: Karɓa da bin ƙa’ida ƙimomi ne da aka zato.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudun tsarin reshe ko wakilaiTun: 2020 Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing (2020) tushe
Yaɗuwar juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta
Bakteriya masu saurin kamuwa da masu jure magani suna fafatawa a cikin marasa lafiya suna yaɗuwa tsakaninsu ƙarƙashin manufofin maganin bakteriya daban-daban kamar sauyawa, gaurayawa ko haɗin magani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace manufar magani ke rage tashin cututtuka masu jure magani?
Yana barin: Ba a auna asarar da juriya ke kawowa da adadin yaɗuwa da kyau ba, kuma sakamakon yana dogara da su.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfuran asibiti na ɓangare da na mutum ɗaya-ɗaya a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 1997 Bonhoeffer, Lipsitch and Levin, evaluating treatment protocols to prevent antibiotic resistance. tushe
Samfuran yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro da shiga tsakani
Cizon sauro, haɓaka parasite, garkuwar jikin ɗan adam da shiga tsakani kamar gidajen sauro ko allurar rigakafi ana kwaikwayonsu tare a ƙauye ko ƙasa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane haɗin sarrafawa zai iya rage ko kawar da zazzaɓin cizon sauro?
Yana barin: Ba a auna muhallin sauro da ɗabi’ar mutane ta gida da kyau ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon ɗaiɗaikun ƙasa na shekaru goma-goma a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 2008 Smith da abokan aiki, zuwa cikakken samfurin kwaikwayo na yaɗuwar zazzaɓin cizon sauro da yaƙi da shi. tushe
Kwaikwayon yaɗuwar cuta ta iska a cikin gida
Numfashi, tari da magana suna fitar da ɗigon ruwa da aerosols cikin ɗaki, kuma kimiyyar kwararar ruwa tana bin inda suke tafiya da yawan da mutum na biyu yake shaka.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya nisa ƙwayar cuta da aka fitar ta numfashi ke tafiya, kuma nawa abin rufe fuska ko iska ke rage kamuwa?
Yana barin: Adadin kamuwa da yanayin ɗaki na gaske sun bambanta fiye da yadda kowane tsarin kwaikwayo ya ɗauka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon large-eddy na ɗaki tare da bin diddigin ɓarbashi a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 2020 Mittal, Ni and Seo, the flow physics of COVID-19, reviewing computational studies of respiratory flows. tushe
Kwaikwayon manufofin yaƙi da taba
Ana hasashen fara shan taba, daina ta da mace-mace a ƙasa ƙarƙashin haraji, haramci da yaƙin neman zaɓe, ana samun canjin yawan masu sha da rayukan da aka ceta.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Rayuka nawa harajin ko hana shan taba zai ceta?
Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar tasirin manufa daga shaida ta baya kuma ƙila ba zai tafi zuwa sababbin wurare ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 106 FLOPS kimanta kawai samfurin hasashen yawan jama’a a kan laptop.Tun: 2000 Levy, Cummings and Hyland, a simulation of the effects of youth initiation policies on overall cigarette use. tushe
Inganta rabon allurar rigakafi
Ana haɗa samfurin annoba da mai ingantawa da yake zaɓar waɗanne rukunin shekaru ko haɗari ke karɓar ƙarancin rigakafi da farko.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane ya kamata a yi wa allurar rigakafi da farko don ceton rayuka mafi yawa?
Yana barin: Tsarin hulɗa da tasirin rigakafi ba tabbatattu ba ne, kuma mafi kyawun rukuni yana dogara da manufa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 108 FLOPS kimanta kawai inganta a kan gudanarwar annoba da yawa a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2009 Medlock and Galvani, optimising influenza vaccine distribution. tushe
Gwaje-gwajen hoto na kama-da-wane
Ana amfani da majinyata, na’urorin ɗaukar hoto da masu karantawa na kwaikwayo don kwatanta fasahar hoto ba tare da ɗaukar mutane na gaske ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin sabuwar na’urar hoto tana gano ciwon daji kamar ta yanzu?
Yana barin: Raunuka da masu karantawa na kama-da-wane samfura ne da za su iya rasa ainihin bambancin asibiti.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai dubban hotuna na kwaikwayo a gungu.Tun: 2018 Badano and colleagues, in silico imaging trial of digital breast tomosynthesis versus full-field mammography. tushe
Annoba a hanyoyin sadarwar hulɗa
Cuta tana yaɗuwa tsakanin ɗigon hanyar sadarwa da rarraba digirinta zai iya zama mara daidaito sosai, kuma sakamakon yana dogara da cibiyoyin.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: A wane matakin yaɗuwa ne annoba take tashi a hanyar sadarwa mai cibiyoyi?
Yana barin: Ainihin hanyoyin sadarwar tuntuɓa suna canzawa cikin lokaci kuma ana lura da su a ɓangare kawai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 107 FLOPS kimanta kawai Yaɗuwar Monte Carlo a kan hanyoyin sadarwa na ɗigo miliyan a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2001 Pastor-Satorras and Vespignani, epidemic spreading in scale-free networks. tushe
Motsin yawan sauro
Ƙwai, tsutsotsi, pupae da manya na sauro mai ɗauke da cuta suna girma a kwantena ƙarƙashin zafi da ruwan sama na gida, suna ba da adadin da yake cizo.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Sauro nawa za a samu a kaka mai zuwa, kuma me cire wuraren haihuwa ke yi?
Yana barin: Wuraren haihuwar sauro suna da wuyar ƙirgawa kuma suna bambanta titi bayan titi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 107 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon life-table a kan laptop.Tun: 1993 Focks and colleagues, a dynamic life-table model for Aedes aegypti. tushe
Microsimulation na binciken ciwon daji
Ana yi wa tarihin rayuwar mutane ɗaya-ɗaya masu tafiyar ciwon daji na halitta kwaikwayo da tare da gwaji da ba tare ba don kimanta adadin da aka gano da mutuwar da aka hana.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Mutuwa nawa shirin gwaji ke hanawa, kuma da wace tsada ta ganewar da ta wuce kima?
Yana barin: Dole ne a zato farkon ci gaban kansa da ba a lura da shi ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin rayuka na kwaikwayo a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 1985 Habbema and colleagues, the MISCAN simulation program for the evaluation of screening. tushe
Samfuran wakilai na kiba da abinci
Wakilai masu nauyi, samun kuɗi da maƙwabta suna ci suna motsawa, kuma yaɗuwar nauyin jiki a cikin jama’a yana canzawa ƙarƙashin farashin abinci ko sauye-sauyen manufofi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne tsoma baki ne ke karkatar da nauyin jama’a cikin shekaru da dama?
Yana barin: An rage hali zuwa ƙa’idodi kaɗan kuma shaida ta dogon lokaci ƙarama ce.
Yana gudana a: kusan 108 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon wakilai na yawan jama’a a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2007 Hammond and Epstein, exploring price-independent mechanisms in the obesity epidemic. tushe
Kwaikwayon manufar raba sassan jiki
Ana kwaikwayon majinyata a jerin jiran dasawa, isowar sassan masu ba da gudummawa da ƙa’idojin rabo don kwatanta lokacin jira da tsira.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace ƙa’idar rabo ke ba da mafi yawan shekarun rayuwa da jira mafi adalci?
Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa ingancin sassan jiki da shawarwarin majinyata da cibiyoyi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 108 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon abubuwan da ke faruwa a tsawon shekaru na jerin masu jiran aiki a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 2000 Zenios, Chertow da Wein, rabon ƙodoji na canzawa (dynamic) ga ’yan takara a jerin jiran dasawa. tushe
Samfuran tura motocin ɗaukar marasa lafiya da tashoshin kashe gobara
Kiran gaggawa suna zuwa bazuwar, ana tura rukunai, kuma samfurin jerin jira yana ba da lokutan amsa ga kowane wuri da tsarin gundumomi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina ya kamata a sanya tasha da raka’a don rage lokacin amsa?
Yana barin: Ana zaton lokutan tafiya da ainihin yaɗuwar buƙata.
Yana gudana a: kusan 107 FLOPS kimanta kawai queueing da Monte Carlo a kan laptop.Tun: 1974 Larson, a hypercube queueing model for facility location and redistricting in urban emergency services. tushe
Samar da bayanan marasa lafiya na wucin gadi
Ana ba mutane na wucin gadi cututtuka, magunguna da haɗuwa daga ƙa’idojin asibiti da aka buga, don samar da bayanan lafiya masu kama da na gaske waɗanda ba su ƙunshi wani mutum na gaske ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za a iya gwada software da nazari a kan bayanai masu kama da na gaske ba tare da bayyana bayanan kowa ba?
Yana barin: Bayanan suna ɗauke da tsarin da aka sanya cikin mai samarwa kawai, don haka cututtuka ba kasafai ba da ainihin hanyoyin kulawa ba su da wakilci sosai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudu na girman kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka don majiyyata miliyan ɗaya.Tun: 2010 Buczak and colleagues' data-driven approach for creating synthetic electronic medical records. tushe
Ilimin guba na hasashe
Tsarin sinadarin magani da ake nazari an kwatanta shi da rumbun bayanai na ƙwayoyin guba da aka sani, ko kuma a bi da shi ta samfuran da aka horar da bayanan dakin gwaji da na dabbobi, tun kafin a haɗa shi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wannan ƙwayar zarra tana iya lalata hanta, zuciya ko kwayoyin halitta kafin mu yi ta?
Yana barin: Hasashe yana da abin dogaro gwargwadon ƙwayoyin zarra masu guba da suka wuce da aka horar da samfurin a kai kawai, kuma keɓancewar ilimin halittu na ci gaba da fitowa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da samfurin hasashen guba da aka horarTun: 2000 samfuran structure-activity relationship na farko da aka yi amfani da su don tantance guba a magunguna
Samfurin pharmacodynamic
Yadda yawan magani a manufarsa ke komawa zuwa tasiri a jiki, daga haɗuwa da mai karɓa har zuwa alamar da aka auna ko biomarker.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa tasirin wani adadi zai haifar a gaske, kuma na tsawon lokaci nawa?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka dangantaka mai tsabta tsakanin yawan magani da tasiri wadda jurewa da ci gaban cuta za su iya karya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware ƴan lissafin tasiri masu haɗeTun: 1968 samfuran receptor-occupancy na farko da suke haɗa yawan magani da tasiri
Kwaikwayon ƙirar gwajin asibiti
Dubban gwaje-gwaje na zato da aka gudanar a kan zaton bambancin majiyyaci da tasirin magani, don zaɓar girman gwaji, tsawon lokaci da ƙa’idodin tsayawa da wuri.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Majinyata nawa wannan gwaji ke buƙata a gaske, kuma yaushe za a iya tsayar da shi lafiya?
Yana barin: Gwajin kwaikwayo ba zai yi kama da gaske ba fiye da zaton martanin majiyyaci da aka ba shi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci yana gudanar da dubban kwafin gwaji da aka kwaikwayaTun: 1994 nazarin kwaikwayo na farko da aka yi amfani da shi wajen tsara ƙirar gwajin asibiti masu daidaitawa
Samfuran hanyar sadarwar sake amfani da magani
Magunguna, kwayoyin halitta, furotin da cututtuka da aka haɗa a babbar hanyar sadarwa ɗaya, ana nema don magunguna da ake da su waɗanda haɗinsu da aka sani yake nuna sabon amfani ba zato.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin maganin da aka riga aka amince da shi ga cuta ɗaya zai iya magance wata kuma?
Yana barin: Haɗin hanyar sadarwa alama ce, ba hujja ba; yawancin sake amfani da aka ba da shawara har yanzu suna kasawa idan aka gwada.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana bincike a babbar hanyar sadarwa ta magani-kwayar halitta-cutaTun: 2011 binciken tantancewa na farko na hanyar sadarwa don magungunan da ake la’akari da su don sabon amfani
Samfurin ƙirar magani da bayarwa
Kwaya da take narkewa, faci da yake fitarwa ko nanoparticle da yake ɗauke da magani ta jiki, ana bin sa a matsayin yaɗuwa da martani cikin mintuna zuwa kwanaki.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri kuma a ina wannan magani ke isa ga manufarsa bayan an haɗiye ko a yi allurarsa?
Yana barin: Na’urorin narkewa na dakin gwaji da ainihin narkewa ba koyaushe suke daidaita ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware lissafin yaɗuwa da fitarwaTun: 1961 Samfurin lissafi na Higuchi na sakin magani daga tushe mai tauri
Ƙirar antigen na allurar rigakafi
Saman sunadaran ƙwayar cuta da aka kwaikwayo a cikakken bayanin zarra don nemo ko ƙera siffofin da tsarin garkuwar jiki zai fi gane kuma ya tuna.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane ɓangare na wannan ƙwayar cuta ne mafi kyawun abin da za a nufa da allurar rigakafi?
Yana barin: Siffa da take kama da kyakkyawan abin da aka nufa a allo har yanzu dole ta yi aiki a ainihin tsarin garkuwar jiki.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da kwaikwayon atom na antigens da ake la’akari da suTun: 2013 ƙirar da ta dogara da tsari na antigen na ƙwayar cutar numfashi mai ɗorewa
Sarrafa ciwon sukari a madauki a rufe in silico
Al’ummar mutane na kama-da-wane masu ciwon sukari nau’i na 1, tare da abinci da dynamics na glucose-insulin, ana amfani da su don gwada algorithms na sarrafa bayarwa kafin gwajin ɗan Adam.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan algorithm ɗin sarrafawa zai kiyaye glucose lafiya a cikin mutane daban-daban da yawa?
Yana barin: Ainihin ɗabi’a kamar damuwa, rashin lafiya da lahani na firikwensin ana ɗaukarsa ne a ɓangare kawai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai dogayen kwaikwayon ranar kama-da-wane na ɗaruruwan mutane a kan laptop.Tun: 2009 Kovatchev and colleagues, in silico preclinical trials of closed-loop control of type 1 diabetes. tushe