Simulations by computing needed · 941 simulations
Roughly how much computing a serious run uses today, in operations per second, the Sandbox’s unit. For scale, the observable universe treated as a computer does about 10104. Every figure has a confidence tag, and most are rough.
costThe largest supercomputers16
About 1018 operations per second and above: the largest supercomputers.
Wave dark matter simulations1019
Constrained simulations of the local universe1019
Earth-system digital twins1019
Global storm-resolving simulation1019
Nuclear lattice effective field theory1018
Laser wakefield acceleration1018
Cosmological emulators1018
Global cloud-resolving models1018
Initial-condition large ensembles1018
Physics-based seismic hazard1018
Geodynamo simulation1018
Neural-network wavefunctions for molecules1018
Generative models of crystals1018
Learned protein structure prediction1018
Riemann zeta zero computation1018
Nuclear stockpile simulation1018
costSupercomputers and brains127
National supercomputers, and the conventional estimate for a human brain (about 1016).
Cosmological N-body1017.5
Lattice QCD1017
Flow-based sampling for lattice field theory1017
Fusion plasma turbulence1017
Galaxy formation1017
Cosmic reionization1017
Massive-neutrino cosmological simulation1017
Modified-gravity structure formation1017
Synthetic sky survey catalogues and images1017
Core-collapse supernovae1017
Giant-impact simulations1017
Neutron star mergers1017
Gravitational-wave template banks from numerical relativity1017
Neural inference for gravitational waves1017
Earth system models1017
Palaeoclimate1017
Solar geoengineering1017
Extreme-event attribution1017
Volunteer-computed perturbed-physics ensembles1017
Coupled carbon-cycle and climate simulation1017
Numerical weather prediction1017
Seasonal forecasting1017
Atmospheric reanalysis1017
Full-waveform seismic inversion1017
Spectral-element seismic wave propagation1017
Machine-learned interatomic potentials1017
Universal interatomic potentials1017
Quantum Monte Carlo for electrons1017
Metadynamics and enhanced sampling1017
Whole virus particles1017
Volunteer-computed molecular dynamics1017
Language-model social platform simulation1017
Turbulence1017
Learned humanoid locomotion1017
Interactive generative worlds1017
Learned real-world interactive simulators1017
Generative driving world models1017
Digits of pi by computer1017
Learned algorithm and construction search1017
Black hole mergers1016.5
Generative calorimeter shower models1016
Particle-in-cell plasma1016
Inertial confinement implosion1016
Tokamak edge pedestal and ELM modelling1016
Tokamak whole-device modelling1016
Collisionless shock simulation1016
Learned plasma control in simulation1016
Quantum many-body systems1016
Topological quantum matter1016
Neural-network quantum states1016
Intergalactic medium and the Lyman-alpha forest1016
Self-interacting dark matter simulation1016
Weak-lensing ray tracing through simulated universes1016
Differentiable cosmological simulation1016
Star formation1016
Common-envelope evolution1016
Collapsar and gamma-ray burst jets1016
Planetary interiors and dynamos1016
Planetesimal formation by streaming instability1016
Accretion discs and jets1016
Solar interior and dynamo1016
Magnetar magnetosphere and flare simulation1016
Tidal disruption of stars by black holes1016
Regional climate downscaling1016
Superparameterisation1016
Learned subgrid parameterisation1016
Tropical cyclones1016
Severe convective storms1016
Generative ensemble weather forecasting1016
Ensemble weather forecasting1016
Ocean circulation1016
Earthquakes and seismic waves1016
Computational materials screening1016
Ab initio molecular dynamics1016
Real-time electron dynamics1016
Learned density functionals1016
Combustion1016
Reactive force-field dynamics1016
Learned equilibrium samplers1016
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics1016
Enhanced-sampling free-energy methods1016
Protein folding and dynamics1016
Membranes and ion channels1016
Generative protein ensembles1016
Cell perturbation-response models1016
The heart1016
Neural predictive models of sensory brain areas1016
Agent-based epidemics1016
Language-model macroeconomic agents1016
Language-grounded negotiation agents1016
Wind-farm large-eddy simulation1016
Learned legged locomotion1016
Learned drone racing1016
Rocket engine simulation1016
Self-play strategy training1016
REM dreaming1016
Lucid dreaming1016
Hippocampal replay in rats1016
Threat-simulation theory of dreams1016
Sleep-dependent memory consolidation1016
Hypnagogic imagery1016
Mental rehearsal in athletes1016
Episodic future thinking1016
Counterfactual thinking1016
Mental rotation1016
Mental navigation1016
Mind-wandering and daydreaming1016
Theory of mind1016
Empathy as simulation theory1016
Mirror systems1016
Audience design1016
Visual perspective-taking1016
Joint attention1016
Children's pretend play1016
Animal play as practice1016
Imaginary companions1016
Sociodramatic play1016
Paracosms1016
Object play in primates1016
Predictive processing1016
Motor forward models1016
The body schema1016
Hallucination as uncontrolled prediction1016
Blind-spot filling-in1016
Interoception1016
Climate effects of nuclear war1016
Massively multiplayer worlds1016
costClusters67
A university cluster or a rack of accelerators.
Collider event generation1015
Detector response1015
Neutrino detector simulation1015
Nuclear structure1015
Reactor core physics1015
Time-dependent nuclear mean-field dynamics1015
Neutron-star crust pasta dynamics1015
Plasma equilibrium and stability1015
Magnetic reconnection1015
Stellarator configuration optimisation1015
Quantum computer emulation1015
Quantum error correction1015
Learned error-correction decoders1015
Supernova neutrino flavour evolution1015
Stellar surface convection simulation1015
Interstellar magnetised turbulence1015
Planet formation1015
Planetary and exoplanet atmospheres1015
Space weather1015
Pulsar magnetospheres1015
Black-hole shadow and image rendering1015
Ice sheets and sea level1015
Learned climate emulators1015
Ocean ecosystem and biogeochemistry modelling1015
Sea ice1015
Ocean wave forecasting1015
Geological carbon-dioxide storage simulation1015
Mantle convection and plate tectonics1015
Electronic structure1015
Reaction dynamics1015
Excited states and photochemistry1015
Path-integral molecular dynamics1015
Lattice thermal-conductivity calculation1015
Catalysis1015
Chemical reactor engineering1015
Molecular docking and drug binding1015
Enzyme catalysis1015
Blood flow1015
Cardiac digital twins1015
Heart valve fluid-structure interaction1015
Vaccine antigen design1015
Language-model agent societies1015
AI-designed economic policy simulation1015
Aerodynamics1015
Cavitation simulation1015
Neural operators1015
Lattice Boltzmann flow simulation1015
Fluid-structure interaction1015
Crash simulation1015
Autonomous vehicle testing1015
GPU-parallel robot learning environments1015
Atmospheric entry1015
Large-scale brain circuits1015
Functional spiking brain models1015
Reinforcement learning environments1015
Multi-agent AI societies1015
Learned world models1015
Open-ended environment generation1015
Neural game engines1015
Software engineering agent sandboxes1015
Desktop computer agent environments1015
AI-guided conjecture discovery1015
Turing-machine enumeration1015
FPGA-accelerated system simulation1015
Blast and impact protection1015
Physics-based character control1015
Neural scene rendering1015
costA single workstation233
A desktop, a games console, or a workstation with a graphics card.
Cosmic-ray air showers1014
Fusion breeding blanket neutronics1014
Superconducting vortex dynamics1014
Path-integral Monte Carlo of quantum fluids1014
Cosmic string network evolution1014
Impact cratering1014
Planet population synthesis1014
Planet-disk interaction and migration1014
Gravitational-wave mock data challenges1014
Kilonova radiative transfer1014
World-Earth models1014
Dynamic global vegetation and carbon-cycle modelling1014
Machine-learned weather1014
Air quality and dispersion1014
Atmospheric boundary-layer large-eddy simulation1014
Mineral dust emission and transport1014
Reactive transport in the subsurface1014
Earthquake-cycle simulation1014
Coupled fire and atmosphere models1014
Spectroscopy prediction1014
Solvation free energy1014
Transition-state and reaction-path search1014
Liquids and solutions1014
Polymers and soft matter1014
Glass formation1014
Molten salts and ionic liquids1014
Dissipative particle dynamics1014
Fracture and defects1014
Microstructure1014
Granular materials1014
Dislocation dynamics1014
Battery and electrochemical cell modelling1014
Coarse-grained DNA and RNA models1014
Whole-cell models1014
Breathing and airways1014
In silico clinical trials1014
Surgical planning with patient-specific models1014
Coronary flow reserve from scans1014
Indoor airborne transmission simulation1014
Animal locomotion1014
General ecosystem models1014
Forward-time genome simulation1014
Language-model survey respondents1014
Language-model behavioural experiments1014
Language-model user simulation for recommenders1014
Language-model agent organisations1014
Multiphase and pipeline flow1014
Ice accretion simulation1014
Graph-network learned simulators1014
Rarefied-gas direct simulation1014
Structural analysis1014
Acoustics and vibration1014
Fatigue and crack growth1014
Peridynamic fracture modelling1014
Chip logic simulation1014
Electromagnetics1014
Semiconductor device simulation1014
Domain-randomised sim-to-real training1014
Batteries and fuel cells1014
Mega-constellation collision risk1014
Metal casting and solidification1014
Welding simulation1014
Additive manufacturing simulation1014
Metal forming and stamping1014
Transport and land use1014
Power grids1014
Infrastructure interdependence1014
Whole-brain network models1014
Connectome-based insect brain models1014
Evolutionary robotics1014
Synthetic training data1014
AI safety red-teaming environments1014
Cryptographic attack modelling1014
Fuzz testing1014
Language-model program execution1014
Parallel discrete-event simulation1014
Agent hospitals1014
Language-model simulated students1014
Agent-based combat models1014
Networked training exercises1014
Radar and sensor performance1014
Directed energy weapon simulation1014
Torpedo and underwater weapon simulation1014
Snow and granular material simulation1014
Physically based light transport1014
Tactical military simulation1014
Battle royale1014
Location-based and arcade VR1014
Cloud-streamed games1014
Flight simulation1013.5
Racing simulation1013.5
Naval and submarine simulation1013.5
City building1013.5
Automation and factory building1013.5
Grand strategy1013.5
Real-time strategy1013.5
Block and voxel sandboxes1013.5
Survival and crafting1013.5
Physics sandboxes and building1013.5
Immersive simulation1013.5
Open-world adventure1013.5
Shooters1013.5
Team arena games1013.5
Sports simulation1013.5
Virtual reality1013.5
Cockpit and rig simulation1013.5
Accelerator beam dynamics1013
Radiation transport1013
Nuclear criticality safety1013
Industrial plasma processing1013
Ultracold atomic gas dynamics1013
Cosmic microwave background1013
Semi-analytic galaxy formation1013
Early-universe lattice field dynamics1013
Stellar atmospheres and spectra1013
Orbital dynamics1013
Exoplanet detection and characterisation1013
Radiation belt modelling1013
Thermosphere and ionosphere modelling1013
Tsunamis and storm surge1013
Petroleum and gas reservoir simulation1013
Volcanic eruptions and lava flows1013
Landscape evolution1013
Wildfire spread1013
Landslides and debris flows1013
Quantum wavepacket dynamics1013
Colloids and nanoparticle assembly1013
Adsorption in porous materials1013
Thin film growth1013
Radiation-damage cascades in materials1013
Corrosion1013
Crystallisation1013
Tissue and tumour growth1013
Immune response1013
Radiotherapy dose calculation1013
Outbreak genomic epidemiology1013
Individual-based malaria models1013
Virtual imaging trials1013
Predictive toxicology1013
Flocking and schooling1013
Forest dynamics1013
Global gridded crop model ensembles1013
Populated social-system prototypes1013
Pedestrian and crowd dynamics1013
Agent-based economies1013
Financial markets1013
Financial risk1013
Demographic microsimulation1013
Physics-informed neural networks1013
Fire dynamics large-eddy simulation1013
Multibody dynamics1013
Tribology and contact mechanics1013
Topology optimisation1013
Circuit simulation1013
Computer network simulation1013
Optical lithography simulation1013
Robot simulation1013
Digital twins1013
Planetary rover mobility1013
Exoskeleton and prosthetic control1013
Adversarial driving-scenario generation1013
Machining simulation1013
Injection moulding simulation1013
Traffic flow1013
Urban growth1013
Evacuation and emergency response1013
Public transit network simulation1013
Ride-hailing and dispatch simulation1013
Supply chains1013
Warehouse and distribution centre simulation1013
Last-mile delivery routing1013
Building energy and daylight1013
Mobile network planning1013
Data centre facility simulation1013
Satellite broadband constellation simulation1013
Neuromorphic hardware simulation1013
Brain disease and seizure spread1013
Evolved virtual creatures1013
Simulated web environments for agents1013
Computational number theory searches1013
Bounded model checking1013
Neural network verification1013
Approximate Bayesian computation1013
Full-flight simulators1013
Driving and rail simulators1013
Ship bridge simulators1013
Spaceflight and mission control1013
Control-room simulators1013
Language-model conflict rehearsal1013
Military logistics1013
Models of civil conflict1013
Language-model wargame agents1013
Military flight and mission simulators1013
Cyber ranges1013
Displacement and refugee flows1013
Fluid and smoke simulation for effects1013
Digital humans and faces1013
Virtual production sets1013
Neural avatars1013
Digital de-ageing1013
Spaceflight simulation1013
Arcade racing1013
Driving and transport simulation1013
Job and machinery simulation1013
Flight simulation over streamed Earth1013
Life simulation1013
Farming and village life1013
Social hangout worlds1013
Colony simulation1013
Management and tycoon1013
God games1013
Ecosystem and evolution games1013
4X strategy1013
Space exploration and trading1013
Level and world creation tools1013
Role-playing games1013
Exploration and walking1013
Action adventure1013
Stealth1013
Extreme and action sports1013
Physics puzzles1013
Motion-controller games1013
Haptic and force-feedback games1013
Biometric-adaptive games1013
Relationship simulation1012.5
Parenting and family life1012.5
Hex-and-counter war games1012.5
Tactics1012.5
Fighting games1012.5
Sports management1012.5
Fitness and motion games1012.5
Golf simulation1012.5
Combat sports simulation1012.5
costPortable devices432
A phone, a laptop, an older machine, or less.
Radioactivation and decay chains1012
Dusty plasma and Yukawa-system simulation1012
Stabilizer circuit simulation1012
Big Bang nucleosynthesis1012
Galactic cosmic-ray propagation1012
Galaxy collision and merger simulation1012
Stellar evolution1012
Stellar oscillations1012
Binary star evolution1012
Binary population synthesis1012
Exoplanet atmosphere retrieval1012
Integrated assessment models1012
Urban surface energy-balance modelling1012
Rivers and floods1012
Groundwater1012
Flood inundation modelling1012
Coastal and estuarine circulation modelling1012
Marine debris and Lagrangian drift modelling1012
Glacial isostatic adjustment and sea-level fingerprints1012
Land-surface model1012
Polymer self-consistent field theory1012
Magnetism and phase transitions1012
Alloy cluster expansion1012
Crystal plasticity finite-element modelling1012
Micromagnetic simulation1012
Polymerisation kinetics1012
RNA folding and structure1012
Stochastic biochemistry1012
Gene regulatory networks1012
Metabolic networks1012
Pattern formation1012
Tumour growth and therapy response1012
Tumour microenvironment evolution1012
Musculoskeletal biomechanics1012
Brain-stimulation field models1012
Magnetic resonance image simulation1012
Pathogen evolution1012
Mobility-network epidemic models1012
Scenario modelling hubs1012
Clinical trial design simulation1012
Drug repurposing network models1012
Termite mound building1012
Slime mould aggregation1012
Bacterial swarming and quorum sensing1012
Birdsong and vocal learning models1012
Wildlife disease1012
Marine larval dispersal and connectivity1012
Near-term ecological forecasting1012
Population genetics1012
Origin of life1012
Crop breeding simulation1012
Multi-model crop ensembles1012
Digestion and gastric flow simulation1012
Cognitive architectures1012
Mass gathering disease risk modelling1012
Macroeconomic models1012
Reconstructed ancient societies1012
Human dispersal1012
Tax and benefit microsimulation1012
Learned fluid solvers1012
Emulation and virtual machines1012
Network digital twins1012
Semiconductor process simulation1012
Swarm robotics1012
Differentiable physics simulation1012
Open driving simulators with sensor models1012
Drone flight simulation1012
Spacecraft trajectories1012
Spacecraft thermal and power simulation1012
Solar and wind farm yield simulation1012
Manufacturing lines1012
Queues and service systems1012
Hospital patient flow1012
Water and drainage networks1012
Waste collection and treatment simulation1012
District heating and cooling networks1012
Internet backbone and cable resilience1012
Smart-city sensor network simulation1012
Detailed neuron models1012
Simulated small organisms1012
Connectome-constrained whole-brain models1012
Cellular automata1012
Digital evolution1012
Embodied household simulators1012
Random matrix experiments1012
Model checking1012
Symbolic execution1012
Graphics processor architecture simulation1012
Simulated annealing1012
Heavy equipment simulators1012
Diving and submersible simulators1012
Surgical simulators1012
Air traffic control simulators1012
Combat and campaign models1012
Vehicle and crew trainers1012
Marksmanship and use-of-force trainers1012
Ballistics1012
Casualty and humanitarian response1012
Cloth simulation1012
Hair and fur simulation1012
Destruction and debris simulation1012
Muscle and skin deformation1012
Ocean surface synthesis1012
Digital crowd simulation1012
Procedural cities and landscapes1012
Digital ecosystems and vegetation1012
Atmospheric and sky simulation1012
Virtual concerts1012
Open-city driving1012
Soft-body vehicle crash simulation1012
Dating simulation1012
Tower defence1012
Falling-sand games1012
Terrarium and habitat sandboxes1012
Agent-based game playtesting1012
User-generated game platforms1012
Adventure and point-and-click1012
Platformers1012
Extraction shooters1012
Racket and ball sports1012
Augmented and location-based1012
Virtual reality social worlds1012
Quantum network simulation1011
Kinetic Monte Carlo1011
Organic semiconductor charge transport1011
Tumour evolution agent-based models1011
Microbial community metabolic models1011
Tumour-induced blood vessel growth1011
Bacterial colony growth and biofilms1011
Virtual-population drug exposure models1011
Bone adaptation and implant remodelling1011
Virtual anatomical phantoms for imaging1011
Disease burden and health economic modelling1011
Environmental and chemical exposure risk assessment1011
Malaria transmission and intervention models1011
Drug formulation and delivery modelling1011
Ant colony foraging1011
Honeybee colonies1011
Movement and foraging1011
Migration and navigation1011
Evolution of behaviour1011
Fisheries and wildlife management1011
Species ranges1011
Coalescent and phylogenetic simulation1011
Host-parasite coevolution1011
Pest and plant disease spread1011
Livestock disease outbreak models1011
Livestock breeding and genetics1011
Crowd emotion and behavioural contagion1011
Agent-based exchange simulators1011
Insurance catastrophe models1011
Flash-crash market models1011
Hunter-gatherer economies1011
Ancient trade and exchange1011
Monument construction and engineering reconstruction1011
Computable general equilibrium modelling1011
Sentencing and recidivism risk modelling1011
Lattice-gas automata for fluid flow1011
Orbital-debris and satellite-collision modelling1011
Shared autonomous vehicle fleets1011
Supply chain digital twins1011
Telecom traffic engineering1011
Self-organised criticality1011
Swarm intelligence algorithms1011
Random Boolean networks1011
Continuous cellular automata1011
Neural cellular automata1011
Continuous artificial life1011
Experimental mathematics searches1011
Automated theorem proving search1011
SAT and constraint solving1011
Security protocol verification1011
Abstract interpretation1011
Computer architecture simulation1011
Full-system simulation1011
Dental simulators1011
Anaesthesia simulators1011
Emergency incident command simulators1011
Historical war games1011
Deterrence and arms races1011
Autonomous cyber-defence gyms1011
War economic and reconstruction modelling1011
Sanctions and economic warfare modelling1011
Rigid body dynamics for animation1011
Virtual idols and influencers1011
Performance-captured digital characters1011
Machinima1011
Sound propagation and acoustics1011
Roguelikes1011
Rhythm games1011
Board and card game adaptations1011
Augmented reality pets1011
One-component plasma simulation1010
Fuel-cell membrane and transport modelling1010
Pore-network modelling1010
Pharmacokinetics1010
Gut microbiome community models1010
Fracture healing simulation1010
Cochlear mechanics1010
Synthetic patient record generation1010
Pharmacodynamic modelling1010
Dynamic energy budget modelling1010
Plankton ecosystem models1010
Speciation and macroevolution models1010
Sexual selection and mate choice evolution1010
Population viability analysis1010
Reserve and corridor design1010
Reintroduction and translocation planning1010
Invasive species spread1010
Poaching and anti-poaching patrol games1010
Rewilding and trophic cascade modelling1010
Crop growth and yield models1010
Soil water and nutrient transport1010
Soil erosion and land degradation1010
Precision agriculture optimisation1010
Precision livestock monitoring1010
Food supply chain simulation1010
Famine early warning models1010
Models of learning1010
Social cognition and theory-of-mind models1010
Emotion and affect modelling1010
Choice under risk and uncertainty modelling1010
Opinion dynamics1010
Cooperation and norms1010
Diffusion of ideas1010
Social network formation1010
Language evolution1010
Cultural evolution1010
Recommender feedback-loop simulation1010
Protest mobilisation network models1010
Market and auction design1010
Artificial societies1010
World models1010
Organisations and teams1010
Institutional corruption and integrity modelling1010
Policy diffusion network models1010
Exploratory modelling under deep uncertainty1010
Electoral and voting system simulation1010
Court and case-flow simulation1010
Policing and patrol deployment simulation1010
Legislative bargaining and coalition simulation1010
Co-simulation of linked models1010
Photonic-crystal band-structure calculation1010
Tactile sensor simulation1010
Warehouse robot fleet coordination1010
Power-system electromagnetic transients1010
Energy-system capacity-planning models1010
Smart-grid co-simulation1010
Internet worm propagation models1010
Vehicular network simulation1010
Self-replicating program soups1010
Recommender-system simulators1010
Random graph experiments1010
Percolation simulation1010
Side-channel leakage simulation1010
Distributed systems and consensus simulation1010
Storage systems simulation1010
Compiler and program optimisation search1010
Lightweight network emulation1010
Patient simulators1010
Paramedic and mass-casualty triage training1010
Catheter and endovascular simulators1010
Business simulations1010
Negotiation and diplomacy training simulations1010
Combat medic trainers1010
Landmine and unexploded ordnance clearance planning1010
Particle system effects1010
Physical modelling synthesis of instruments1010
Procedural texture and material generation1010
Mech combat simulation1010
Station systems simulation1010
Hunting simulation1010
Logic and falling-block puzzles1010
Stellar population synthesis109
Chain-growth Monte Carlo for polymers109
Musculoskeletal models for surgery109
Bioheat transfer and hyperthermia109
Kidney nephron transport models109
Compartment epidemic models109
Digital contact-tracing models109
Antimicrobial resistance spread109
Cancer screening microsimulation109
Closed-loop diabetes control in silico109
Predator–prey dynamics109
Individual-based ecological models109
Fisheries management strategy evaluation109
Honeybee colony and landscape models109
Size-spectrum ecosystem models109
Neutral community models109
Irrigation scheduling109
Agricultural catchment pollution models109
Agrivoltaic light-sharing models109
Livestock herd and feed models109
Grazing and pasture management109
Aquaculture and fish farming109
Fermentation process modelling109
Baking and thermal food processing109
Cold chain and spoilage modelling109
Food safety and traceability simulation109
Models of decision-making109
Residential sorting109
Synthetic population generation109
Collective action and tipping-point models109
Collective estimation and crowd wisdom109
Housing market agent-based models109
Algorithmic pricing collusion109
Jury decision-making simulation109
Soft robot simulation109
Airspace fast-time simulation109
Agent-based electricity markets109
Cascading-blackout models109
Gas pipeline network transients109
Neural mass and field models109
Artificial chemistry109
Simulated robot soccer109
Monte Carlo estimation of constants109
Fractal-set rendering109
Sandpile self-organised criticality109
Computer-assisted proof by exhaustive case checking109
Validated numerics109
Statistical model checking109
Property-based random testing109
Operating system scheduler simulation109
Empirical algorithm performance testing109
The intuitive physics engine109
Childbirth simulators109
Virtual human patients109
Ultrasound training simulators109
Robotic surgery simulators109
Eye surgery simulators109
Endoscopy simulators109
Political–military crisis games109
Swarm combat simulation109
Chemical, biological and radiological hazard plumes109
Position-based dynamics109
Generative art systems109
Procedural and generative music109
Physically based sound effects109
Surgery and medical games109
Idle and incremental109
Auto-battlers109
Interactive fiction109
Visual novels and narrative games109
Word and letter puzzles109
Match-three and tile-swap puzzles109
Hidden-object and spot-the-difference109
Number and grid logic puzzles109
Escape-room puzzles109
Galactic chemical evolution108
Astrochemical reaction networks108
Automated reaction-mechanism generation108
Diffusion-limited aggregation108
Cancer drug response and resistance dynamics108
Vocal fold and voice production models108
Vaccine allocation optimisation108
Obesity and diet agent-based models108
Organ allocation policy simulation108
Metapopulation dynamics108
Coral reef resilience models108
Pollination service across landscapes108
Wind seed and pollen dispersal models108
Gene drive population models108
Farm agent-based models of land use and adoption108
Plant architecture growth models108
Land-use change agent models108
Aquaculture pond bioenergetics108
Quantitative microbial risk assessment108
Migration under climate stress108
Processor thermal modelling108
Stacked chip thermal modelling108
Airport airside simulation108
Container terminal simulation108
Attractor memory networks108
Artificial immune models108
Blockchain consensus simulation108
Search and rescue drift planning108
L-system plant modelling108
Live-coded music and visuals108
Social deduction games108
Fishing simulation108
Within-host virus dynamics107
Epidemics on contact networks107
Mosquito population dynamics107
Ambulance and fire station deployment models107
Locust marching bands107
Trophic mass-balance ecosystem models107
Lake eutrophication models107
Greenhouse climate models107
Misinformation and rumour spread107
Financial contagion in interbank networks107
Electricity market agent-based models107
Crime hotspot dynamics107
Core War battles107
Biological attack response models107
Programming battle games107
Hacking simulation107
Habitable-zone climate modelling106
Stochastic earthquake-catalogue models106
Blood cell production dynamics106
Whole-body integrative physiology106
Tobacco-control policy simulation106
Spatial host-parasitoid and pest lattices106
Adaptive dynamics of coevolution106
Animal contest strategies106
Pesticide resistance management models106
Human mobility and migration models106
Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models106
Kinetic wealth exchange models106
Disaster economic ripple models106
Coupled epidemic and economy models106
Conjunction collision probability106
Aircraft boarding simulation106
Elevator traffic simulation106
Project schedule risk simulation106
Construction process simulation106
Anti-submarine search theory106
Virtual pets106
Circadian clock models105
Soil organic carbon turnover105
Sterile insect release models105
Predictive food microbiology105
Opioid epidemic system dynamics105
Supply-chain dynamics and the bullwhip effect105
Computer virus and malware epidemics105
Radiative-convective climate model104
Degree-day pest phenology models104
Soliton numerical experiments104
Energy-balance climate model103
Chaotic-attractor numerics103
Nonlinear lattice experiments103
Naval salvo exchange models103
costNo computer66
Physical models, boards, bodies and rehearsals: no digital computation.