Simulations by era · 941 simulations When the first simulation of each kind ran, oldest first. Dates are the earliest well-documented case, not always the very first.
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era Always 45 The simulations that brains run: dreaming, imagining, pretending, modelling other minds. They predate every other entry here. The year given for each is when science first documented it.
REM dreaming Sleep and dreaming Lucid dreaming Sleep and dreaming Hippocampal replay in rats Sleep and dreaming Threat-simulation theory of dreams Sleep and dreaming Sleep-dependent memory consolidation Sleep and dreaming Hypnagogic imagery Sleep and dreaming Hippocampal preplay Sleep and dreaming Mental rehearsal in athletes Imagination and planning Episodic future thinking Imagination and planning Counterfactual thinking Imagination and planning Mental rotation Imagination and planning Mental navigation Imagination and planning Mind-wandering and daydreaming Imagination and planning Constructive episodic simulation Imagination and planning Motor imagery Imagination and planning Visual mental imagery Imagination and planning Affective forecasting Imagination and planning Mental models of reasoning Imagination and planning Vicarious trial and error Imagination and planning Future planning in animals Imagination and planning Theory of mind Other minds Empathy as simulation theory Other minds Mirror systems Other minds Audience design Other minds Visual perspective-taking Other minds Joint attention Other minds Fiction as social simulation Other minds Children's pretend play Play and pretence Animal play as practice Play and pretence Imaginary companions Play and pretence Sociodramatic play Play and pretence Paracosms Play and pretence Object play in primates Play and pretence Predictive processing The brain's world model Motor forward models The brain's world model The body schema The brain's world model Hallucination as uncontrolled prediction The brain's world model Blind-spot filling-in The brain's world model Interoception The brain's world model Thought as simulated action The brain's world model Grounded cognition The brain's world model The phenomenal self-model The brain's world model Body ownership illusions The brain's world model Embodied language simulation The brain's world model The intuitive physics engine The brain's world model era Before 1500 10 Models of the heavens, sand tables, rehearsal and play: simulation long before machines.
The Antikythera mechanism 150 BCE Terrestrial globe 150 BCE Sand table 32 Automata 50 Military field exercises 100 Armillary sphere 117 Astrolabe 800 Equatorium 1080 Astronomical clock 1092 Mock trial 1400 era 1500 to 1799 5 Clockwork, orreries and anatomical models.
Hanging-chain arch model 1675 Orrery 1704 Obstetric phantom 1756 Buffon's needle 1777 Anatomical models 1780 era 1800 to 1899 10 War games, towing tanks and the first tide-predicting machines.
Professional war games 1812 Dress rehearsal 1828 Moulage 1867 Physical scale models 1871 Ship-model towing tank 1871 Tide-predicting machine 1872 Soap film minimal-surface models 1873 Galton board 1874 Mechanical harmonic analyser 1876 Hele-Shaw cell 1898 era 1900 to 1939 22 Wind tunnels, differential analysers and flight trainers.
Structural scale model 1901 Staff ride 1906 Collective estimation and crowd wisdom 1907 Motion platforms 1910 Analogue fire-control computer 1912 Fire and evacuation drills 1912 Historical war games 1913 Combat and campaign models 1916 Telecom traffic engineering 1917 Iron wire nerve model 1920 Optical planetarium 1923 Predator–prey dynamics 1925 Electrical network analyser 1925 Compartment epidemic models 1927 Sentencing and recidivism risk modelling 1928 Dam and spillway model 1928 Full-flight simulators 1929 Mechanical differential analyser 1931 Architectural acoustic scale model 1934 Harbour and estuary model 1935 Pharmacokinetics 1937 Deterrence and arms races 1939 era 1940s 9 The first electronic computers, and with them Monte Carlo methods.
Physical river basin model 1943 Ballistic gelatin blocks 1945 Ballistics 1945 Monte Carlo estimation of constants 1946 Reactor core physics 1948 Bioheat transfer and hyperthermia 1948 Cybernetic tortoises 1948 Hydraulic economy model 1949 Crash-test dummies 1949 era 1950s 47 Numerical weather prediction 1950 Digits of pi by computer 1950 Invasive species spread 1951 Computational number theory searches 1951 Pattern formation 1952 Detailed neuron models 1952 Electronic structure 1953 Magnetism and phase transitions 1953 Digital evolution 1953 Riemann zeta zero computation 1953 Emergency exercises 1954 Vehicle and crew trainers 1954 Stellar evolution 1955 Petroleum and gas reservoir simulation 1955 Combustion 1955 Chain-growth Monte Carlo for polymers 1955 Sterile insect release models 1955 Macroeconomic models 1955 Traffic flow 1955 Random matrix experiments 1955 Nonlinear lattice experiments 1955 Military logistics 1955 Ocean wave forecasting 1956 Pore-network modelling 1956 Structural analysis 1956 Power grids 1956 Automated theorem proving search 1956 Business simulations 1956 Anti-submarine search theory 1956 Nuclear criticality safety 1957 Fisheries and wildlife management 1957 Demographic microsimulation 1957 Percolation simulation 1957 Procedural and generative music 1957 Plasma equilibrium and stability 1958 Supply-chain dynamics and the bullwhip effect 1958 Atmospheric entry 1958 Supply chains 1958 Control-room simulators 1958 Political–military crisis games 1958 Racket and ball sports 1958 Accelerator beam dynamics 1959 Particle-in-cell plasma 1959 Spacecraft trajectories 1959 Self-play strategy training 1959 Random graph experiments 1959 Spaceflight and mission control 1959 era 1960s 82 Radiation-damage cascades in materials 1960 The heart 1960 Early resuscitation manikins 1960 Torpedo and underwater weapon simulation 1960 Cosmic-ray air showers 1961 Drug formulation and delivery modelling 1961 Market and auction design 1961 Manufacturing lines 1961 Queues and service systems 1961 Blast and impact protection 1961 Radioactivation and decay chains 1962 Polymers and soft matter 1962 Aerodynamics 1962 SAT and constraint solving 1962 Magnetic reconnection 1963 Organisations and teams 1963 Rarefied-gas direct simulation 1963 Emulation and virtual machines 1963 Project schedule risk simulation 1963 Experimental mathematics searches 1963 Chaotic-attractor numerics 1963 Negotiation and diplomacy training simulations 1963 Radar and sensor performance 1963 Animatronic figures 1963 Black hole mergers 1964 Liquids and solutions 1964 Population genetics 1964 Computer network simulation 1964 Semiconductor device simulation 1964 Transport and land use 1964 Airspace fast-time simulation 1964 Last-mile delivery routing 1964 Nuclear structure 1965 Polymer self-consistent field theory 1965 Crop growth and yield models 1965 Soil erosion and land degradation 1965 Chip logic simulation 1965 Spacecraft thermal and power simulation 1965 Hospital patient flow 1965 Soliton numerical experiments 1965 Turing-machine enumeration 1965 Generative art systems 1965 One-component plasma simulation 1966 Core-collapse supernovae 1966 Rivers and floods 1966 Thin film growth 1966 Kidney nephron transport models 1966 Electromagnetics 1966 Air traffic control simulators 1966 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 1967 Binary star evolution 1967 Stellar atmospheres and spectra 1967 Radiative-convective climate model 1967 Anaesthesia simulators 1967 Radiation transport 1968 Galactic chemical evolution 1968 Groundwater 1968 Earthquakes and seismic waves 1968 Polymerisation kinetics 1968 Pharmacodynamic modelling 1968 Acoustics and vibration 1968 Fatigue and crack growth 1968 Rocket engine simulation 1968 Water and drainage networks 1968 Operating system scheduler simulation 1968 L-system plant modelling 1968 Sound propagation and acoustics 1968 Star formation 1969 Planetary and exoplanet atmospheres 1969 Earth system models 1969 Energy-balance climate model 1969 Tropical cyclones 1969 Ocean circulation 1969 Tsunamis and storm surge 1969 Sea ice 1969 Gene regulatory networks 1969 Speciation and macroevolution models 1969 Diffusion of ideas 1969 Power-system electromagnetic transients 1969 Random Boolean networks 1969 Patient simulators 1969 Spaceflight simulation 1969 era 1970s 111 Cosmological N-body 1970 Air quality and dispersion 1970 Corrosion 1970 Chemical reactor engineering 1970 Slime mould aggregation 1970 Forest dynamics 1970 Livestock herd and feed models 1970 Baking and thermal food processing 1970 Tribology and contact mechanics 1970 Public transit network simulation 1970 Gas pipeline network transients 1970 Cellular automata 1970 Empirical algorithm performance testing 1970 Driving and rail simulators 1970 Origin of life 1971 Residential sorting 1971 World models 1971 Multibody dynamics 1971 Inertial confinement implosion 1972 Galaxy collision and merger simulation 1972 Atmospheric boundary-layer large-eddy simulation 1972 Wildfire spread 1972 Tumour growth and therapy response 1972 Heart valve fluid-structure interaction 1972 Whole-body integrative physiology 1972 Vocal fold and voice production models 1972 Food webs 1972 Soil water and nutrient transport 1972 Models of learning 1972 Insurance catastrophe models 1972 Computable general equilibrium modelling 1972 Policing and patrol deployment simulation 1972 Turbulence 1972 Neural mass and field models 1972 Ship bridge simulators 1972 Word and letter puzzles 1972 Astrochemical reaction networks 1973 Animal contest strategies 1973 Grazing and pasture management 1973 Circuit simulation 1973 Detector response 1974 Ensemble weather forecasting 1974 Mantle convection and plate tectonics 1974 Spectroscopy prediction 1974 Ambulance and fire station deployment models 1974 Opinion dynamics 1974 Fluid-structure interaction 1974 Waste collection and treatment simulation 1974 Emergency incident command simulators 1974 Directed energy weapon simulation 1974 Arcade racing 1974 Shooters 1974 Stellar oscillations 1975 Severe convective storms 1975 Kinetic Monte Carlo 1975 Adsorption in porous materials 1975 Battery and electrochemical cell modelling 1975 Irrigation scheduling 1975 Fermentation process modelling 1975 Electoral and voting system simulation 1975 Optical lithography simulation 1975 Welding simulation 1975 Container terminal simulation 1975 Structured clinical examinations 1975 Role-playing games 1975 Interactive fiction 1975 Time-dependent nuclear mean-field dynamics 1976 Ice sheets and sea level 1976 Glacial isostatic adjustment and sea-level fingerprints 1976 Reaction dynamics 1976 Glass formation 1976 Fracture and defects 1976 Enzyme catalysis 1976 Neutral community models 1976 Degree-day pest phenology models 1976 Tax and benefit microsimulation 1976 Court and case-flow simulation 1976 Injection moulding simulation 1976 Cryptographic attack modelling 1976 Symbolic execution 1976 Fighting games 1976 Palaeoclimate 1977 Protein folding and dynamics 1977 Stochastic biochemistry 1977 Soil organic carbon turnover 1977 Pesticide resistance management models 1977 Construction process simulation 1977 Building energy and daylight 1977 Computer-assisted proof by exhaustive case checking 1977 Abstract interpretation 1977 Board and card game adaptations 1977 Planet formation 1978 Space weather 1978 Blood cell production dynamics 1978 Size-spectrum ecosystem models 1978 Models of decision-making 1978 Social cognition and theory-of-mind models 1978 Collective action and tipping-point models 1978 Orbital-debris and satellite-collision modelling 1978 Mobile network planning 1978 Distributed systems and consensus simulation 1978 Diving and submersible simulators 1978 Massively multiplayer worlds 1978 Lattice QCD 1979 Granular materials 1979 Multiphase and pipeline flow 1979 Crash simulation 1979 Semiconductor process simulation 1979 Urban growth 1979 District heating and cooling networks 1979 Number and grid logic puzzles 1979 era 1980s 148 Fusion breeding blanket neutronics 1980 Quantum many-body systems 1980 Impact cratering 1980 Volcanic eruptions and lava flows 1980 Landslides and debris flows 1980 Quantum Monte Carlo for electrons 1980 Population viability analysis 1980 Pest and plant disease spread 1980 Cooperation and norms 1980 Legislative bargaining and coalition simulation 1980 Metal forming and stamping 1980 Fractal-set rendering 1980 Search and rescue drift planning 1980 Flight simulation 1980 Hex-and-counter war games 1980 Roguelikes 1980 Combat sports simulation 1980 Fishing simulation 1980 Solvation free energy 1981 Diffusion-limited aggregation 1981 RNA folding and structure 1981 Cochlear mechanics 1981 Evolution of behaviour 1981 Sexual selection and mate choice evolution 1981 Cultural evolution 1981 Solar and wind farm yield simulation 1981 Airport airside simulation 1981 Energy-system capacity-planning models 1981 Model checking 1981 Platformers 1981 Programming battle games 1981 Collider event generation 1982 Crystal plasticity finite-element modelling 1982 Molecular docking and drug binding 1982 Membranes and ion channels 1982 Circadian clock models 1982 Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models 1982 Machining simulation 1982 Attractor memory networks 1982 Fluid and smoke simulation for effects 1982 Procedural cities and landscapes 1982 Sports management 1982 Fusion plasma turbulence 1983 Stellar population synthesis 1983 Solar interior and dynamo 1983 Molten salts and ionic liquids 1983 Environmental and chemical exposure risk assessment 1983 Coalescent and phylogenetic simulation 1983 Cognitive architectures 1983 Jury decision-making simulation 1983 Robot simulation 1983 Simulated annealing 1983 Networked training exercises 1983 Climate effects of nuclear war 1983 Particle system effects 1983 Physical modelling synthesis of instruments 1983 Level and world creation tools 1983 Visual novels and narrative games 1983 Sports simulation 1983 Path-integral Monte Carlo of quantum fluids 1984 Exoplanet detection and characterisation 1984 Full-waveform seismic inversion 1984 Excited states and photochemistry 1984 Path-integral molecular dynamics 1984 Alloy cluster expansion 1984 Core War battles 1984 Naval and submarine simulation 1984 Space exploration and trading 1984 Golf simulation 1984 Logic and falling-block puzzles 1984 Industrial plasma processing 1985 Collisionless shock simulation 1985 Cosmic string network evolution 1985 Reactive transport in the subsurface 1985 Ab initio molecular dynamics 1985 Cancer screening microsimulation 1985 Greenhouse climate models 1985 Aquaculture and fish farming 1985 Aquaculture pond bioenergetics 1985 Food supply chain simulation 1985 Famine early warning models 1985 Metal casting and solidification 1985 Parallel discrete-event simulation 1985 Military flight and mission simulators 1985 Marksmanship and use-of-force trainers 1985 Sanctions and economic warfare modelling 1985 Procedural texture and material generation 1985 Terrarium and habitat sandboxes 1985 Hacking simulation 1985 Seasonal forecasting 1986 Earthquake-cycle simulation 1986 Land-surface model 1986 Colloids and nanoparticle assembly 1986 Metabolic networks 1986 Dynamic energy budget modelling 1986 Species ranges 1986 Lattice-gas automata for fluid flow 1986 Artificial immune models 1986 Ocean surface synthesis 1986 Atmospheric and sky simulation 1986 Physically based light transport 1986 Social deduction games 1986 Action adventure 1986 Neutrino detector simulation 1987 Coastal and estuarine circulation modelling 1987 Bone adaptation and implant remodelling 1987 Flocking and schooling 1987 Mass gathering disease risk modelling 1987 Self-organised criticality 1987 Sandpile self-organised criticality 1987 Cloth simulation 1987 Adventure and point-and-click 1987 Fitness and motion games 1987 Extreme and action sports 1987 Stellarator configuration optimisation 1988 Topological quantum matter 1988 Orbital dynamics 1988 Thermosphere and ionosphere modelling 1988 Stochastic earthquake-catalogue models 1988 Micromagnetic simulation 1988 Crystallisation 1988 Radiotherapy dose calculation 1988 Individual-based ecological models 1988 Reserve and corridor design 1988 Plant architecture growth models 1988 Emotion and affect modelling 1988 Cavitation simulation 1988 Ice accretion simulation 1988 Lattice Boltzmann flow simulation 1988 Topology optimisation 1988 Warehouse and distribution centre simulation 1988 Storage systems simulation 1988 Paramedic and mass-casualty triage training 1988 Rigid body dynamics for animation 1988 Cockpit and rig simulation 1988 Tidal disruption of stars by black holes 1989 Regional climate downscaling 1989 Blood flow 1989 Wind seed and pollen dispersal models 1989 Swarm robotics 1989 Neuromorphic hardware simulation 1989 Security protocol verification 1989 Mass-casualty exercises 1989 Hair and fur simulation 1989 Racing simulation 1989 Mech combat simulation 1989 City building 1989 God games 1989 era 1990s 163 Neutron star mergers 1990 Ocean ecosystem and biogeochemistry modelling 1990 Quantum wavepacket dynamics 1990 Dislocation dynamics 1990 Musculoskeletal biomechanics 1990 Musculoskeletal models for surgery 1990 Pathogen evolution 1990 Ant colony foraging 1990 Plankton ecosystem models 1990 Host-parasite coevolution 1990 Reintroduction and translocation planning 1990 Crop breeding simulation 1990 Livestock breeding and genetics 1990 Cold chain and spoilage modelling 1990 Policy diffusion network models 1990 Photonic-crystal band-structure calculation 1990 Exoskeleton and prosthetic control 1990 Fuzz testing 1990 Computer architecture simulation 1990 Heavy equipment simulators 1990 Management and tycoon 1990 Tactics 1990 Accretion discs and jets 1991 Landscape evolution 1991 Microstructure 1991 Fuel-cell membrane and transport modelling 1991 Wildlife disease 1991 Spatial host-parasitoid and pest lattices 1991 Artificial chemistry 1991 Computer virus and malware epidemics 1991 Colony simulation 1991 Grand strategy 1991 4X strategy 1991 Virtual reality 1991 Galaxy formation 1992 Integrated assessment models 1992 Solar geoengineering 1992 Dissipative particle dynamics 1992 Immune response 1992 Choice under risk and uncertainty modelling 1992 Swarm intelligence algorithms 1992 Reinforcement learning environments 1992 Endoscopy simulators 1992 Real-time strategy 1992 Semi-analytic galaxy formation 1993 Habitable-zone climate modelling 1993 Organic semiconductor charge transport 1993 Tissue and tumour growth 1993 Breathing and airways 1993 Disease burden and health economic modelling 1993 Mosquito population dynamics 1993 Agent-based economies 1993 Exploratory modelling under deep uncertainty 1993 Batteries and fuel cells 1993 Elevator traffic simulation 1993 Evolutionary robotics 1993 Surgical simulators 1993 War economic and reconstruction modelling 1993 Hidden-object and spot-the-difference 1993 Dusty plasma and Yukawa-system simulation 1994 Intergalactic medium and the Lyman-alpha forest 1994 Mineral dust emission and transport 1994 Automated reaction-mechanism generation 1994 Clinical trial design simulation 1994 Bacterial swarming and quorum sensing 1994 Animal locomotion 1994 Metapopulation dynamics 1994 Predictive food microbiology 1994 Financial markets 1994 Financial risk 1994 Hunter-gatherer economies 1994 Evolved virtual creatures 1994 Landmine and unexploded ordnance clearance planning 1994 Relationship simulation 1994 Dating simulation 1994 Immersive simulation 1994 Match-three and tile-swap puzzles 1994 Ultracold atomic gas dynamics 1995 Planetary interiors and dynamos 1995 Radiation belt modelling 1995 Geodynamo simulation 1995 Catalysis 1995 Lake eutrophication models 1995 Rewilding and trophic cascade modelling 1995 Precision agriculture optimisation 1995 Food safety and traceability simulation 1995 Language evolution 1995 Pedestrian and crowd dynamics 1995 Additive manufacturing simulation 1995 Evacuation and emergency response 1995 Internet backbone and cable resilience 1995 Naval salvo exchange models 1995 Nuclear stockpile simulation 1995 Destruction and debris simulation 1995 Social hangout worlds 1995 Quantum computer emulation 1996 Quantum error correction 1996 Superconducting vortex dynamics 1996 Cosmic microwave background 1996 Early-universe lattice field dynamics 1996 Common-envelope evolution 1996 Dynamic global vegetation and carbon-cycle modelling 1996 Atmospheric reanalysis 1996 Coupled fire and atmosphere models 1996 Real-time electron dynamics 1996 Within-host virus dynamics 1996 Movement and foraging 1996 Migration and navigation 1996 Adaptive dynamics of coevolution 1996 Synthetic population generation 1996 Artificial societies 1996 Side-channel leakage simulation 1996 Childbirth simulators 1996 Chemical, biological and radiological hazard plumes 1996 Casualty and humanitarian response 1996 Virtual idols and influencers 1996 Machinima 1996 Virtual pets 1996 Farming and village life 1996 Ecosystem and evolution games 1996 Antimicrobial resistance spread 1997 Trophic mass-balance ecosystem models 1997 Protest mobilisation network models 1997 Monument construction and engineering reconstruction 1997 Planetary rover mobility 1997 Satellite broadband constellation simulation 1997 Simulated small organisms 1997 Brain disease and seizure spread 1997 Approximate Bayesian computation 1997 Dental simulators 1997 Agent-based combat models 1997 Combat medic trainers 1997 Digital crowd simulation 1997 Open-world adventure 1997 Rhythm games 1997 Hunting simulation 1997 Haptic and force-feedback games 1997 Galactic cosmic-ray propagation 1998 Stellar surface convection simulation 1998 Interstellar magnetised turbulence 1998 Spectral-element seismic wave propagation 1998 Transition-state and reaction-path search 1998 Tumour-induced blood vessel growth 1998 Bacterial colony growth and biofilms 1998 Agricultural catchment pollution models 1998 Quantitative microbial risk assessment 1998 Simulated robot soccer 1998 Stealth 1998 Cosmic reionization 1999 Collapsar and gamma-ray burst jets 1999 Pulsar magnetospheres 1999 Surgical planning with patient-specific models 1999 Fracture healing simulation 1999 Termite mound building 1999 Fisheries management strategy evaluation 1999 Social network formation 1999 Conjunction collision probability 1999 Data centre facility simulation 1999 Bounded model checking 1999 Muscle and skin deformation 1999 Open-city driving 1999 Tactical military simulation 1999 Team arena games 1999 era 2000s 130 Self-interacting dark matter simulation 2000 Weak-lensing ray tracing through simulated universes 2000 Planet-disk interaction and migration 2000 Black-hole shadow and image rendering 2000 Coupled carbon-cycle and climate simulation 2000 Urban surface energy-balance modelling 2000 Flood inundation modelling 2000 Volunteer-computed molecular dynamics 2000 Tobacco-control policy simulation 2000 Organ allocation policy simulation 2000 Predictive toxicology 2000 Crowd emotion and behavioural contagion 2000 Kinetic wealth exchange models 2000 Fire dynamics large-eddy simulation 2000 Peridynamic fracture modelling 2000 Ride-hailing and dispatch simulation 2000 Property-based random testing 2000 Catheter and endovascular simulators 2000 Digital ecosystems and vegetation 2000 Life simulation 2000 Augmented and location-based 2000 Giant-impact simulations 2001 Superparameterisation 2001 Reactive force-field dynamics 2001 Epidemics on contact networks 2001 Farm agent-based models of land use and adoption 2001 Livestock disease outbreak models 2001 Financial contagion in interbank networks 2001 Electricity market agent-based models 2001 Infrastructure interdependence 2001 Agent-based electricity markets 2001 Digital humans and faces 2001 Physically based sound effects 2001 Driving and transport simulation 2001 Parenting and family life 2001 Alternate reality games 2001 Laser wakefield acceleration 2002 Tokamak edge pedestal and ELM modelling 2002 Analogue quantum simulation 2002 Binary population synthesis 2002 Geological carbon-dioxide storage simulation 2002 Metadynamics and enhanced sampling 2002 Enhanced-sampling free-energy methods 2002 Birdsong and vocal learning models 2002 Reconstructed ancient societies 2002 Institutional corruption and integrity modelling 2002 Digital twins 2002 Aircraft boarding simulation 2002 Cascading-blackout models 2002 Internet worm propagation models 2002 Validated numerics 2002 Statistical model checking 2002 Full-system simulation 2002 Models of civil conflict 2002 Swarm combat simulation 2002 Biological attack response models 2002 Performance-captured digital characters 2002 Honeybee colonies 2003 Gene drive population models 2003 Land-use change agent models 2003 Processor thermal modelling 2003 Station systems simulation 2003 Tower defence 2003 Neutron-star crust pasta dynamics 2004 Stabilizer circuit simulation 2004 Planet population synthesis 2004 Extreme-event attribution 2004 Autonomous vehicle testing 2004 Ultrasound training simulators 2004 Live-coded music and visuals 2004 Physics sandboxes and building 2004 Escape-room puzzles 2004 Volunteer-computed perturbed-physics ensembles 2005 Cancer drug response and resistance dynamics 2005 Magnetic resonance image simulation 2005 Agent-based epidemics 2005 Precision livestock monitoring 2005 Surgery and medical games 2005 Falling-sand games 2005 Supernova neutrino flavour evolution 2006 Gravitational-wave mock data challenges 2006 Computational materials screening 2006 Whole virus particles 2006 Tumour evolution agent-based models 2006 Tumour microenvironment evolution 2006 Locust marching bands 2006 Marine larval dispersal and connectivity 2006 Large-scale brain circuits 2006 Compiler and program optimisation search 2006 Virtual concerts 2006 Survival and crafting 2006 User-generated game platforms 2006 Motion-controller games 2006 Planetesimal formation by streaming instability 2007 Global cloud-resolving models 2007 Machine-learned interatomic potentials 2007 Coarse-grained molecular dynamics 2007 Lattice thermal-conductivity calculation 2007 Microbial community metabolic models 2007 Obesity and diet agent-based models 2007 Coral reef resilience models 2007 Ancient trade and exchange 2007 Virtual human patients 2007 Position-based dynamics 2007 Massive-neutrino cosmological simulation 2008 Modified-gravity structure formation 2008 Global storm-resolving simulation 2008 Individual-based malaria models 2008 Malaria transmission and intervention models 2008 Disaster economic ripple models 2008 Human dispersal 2008 Crime hotspot dynamics 2008 Warehouse robot fleet coordination 2008 Whole-brain network models 2008 Digital de-ageing 2008 Job and machinery simulation 2008 Exoplanet atmosphere retrieval 2009 Brain-stimulation field models 2009 Virtual-population drug exposure models 2009 Mobility-network epidemic models 2009 Vaccine allocation optimisation 2009 Closed-loop diabetes control in silico 2009 Pollination service across landscapes 2009 Graphics processor architecture simulation 2009 Robotic surgery simulators 2009 Eye surgery simulators 2009 Cyber ranges 2009 Block and voxel sandboxes 2009 Physics puzzles 2009 Augmented reality pets 2009 era 2010s 103 Constrained simulations of the local universe 2010 Cosmological emulators 2010 Kilonova radiative transfer 2010 Physics-based seismic hazard 2010 Virtual anatomical phantoms for imaging 2010 Synthetic patient record generation 2010 Digestion and gastric flow simulation 2010 Wind-farm large-eddy simulation 2010 Stacked chip thermal modelling 2010 Smart-city sensor network simulation 2010 Lightweight network emulation 2010 Biometric-adaptive games 2010 Nuclear lattice effective field theory 2011 Digital quantum simulation on hardware 2011 Coarse-grained DNA and RNA models 2011 In silico clinical trials 2011 Drug repurposing network models 2011 Agrivoltaic light-sharing models 2011 Migration under climate stress 2011 Co-simulation of linked models 2011 Smart-grid co-simulation 2011 Vehicular network simulation 2011 Magnetar magnetosphere and flare simulation 2012 Marine debris and Lagrangian drift modelling 2012 Learned density functionals 2012 Whole-cell models 2012 Human mobility and migration models 2012 Housing market agent-based models 2012 Flash-crash market models 2012 Functional spiking brain models 2012 Automation and factory building 2012 Exploration and walking 2012 Gravitational-wave template banks from numerical relativity 2013 Gut microbiome community models 2013 Coronary flow reserve from scans 2013 Outbreak genomic epidemiology 2013 Vaccine antigen design 2013 Forward-time genome simulation 2013 Multi-model crop ensembles 2013 Global gridded crop model ensembles 2013 Opioid epidemic system dynamics 2013 Soft robot simulation 2013 Snow and granular material simulation 2013 Soft-body vehicle crash simulation 2013 Idle and incremental 2013 Battle royale 2013 Cloud-streamed games 2013 Wave dark matter simulations 2014 Quantum chemistry on quantum computers 2014 General ecosystem models 2014 Honeybee colony and landscape models 2014 Poaching and anti-poaching patrol games 2014 Shared autonomous vehicle fleets 2014 Virtual reality social worlds 2014 Tokamak whole-device modelling 2015 Initial-condition large ensembles 2015 Displacement and refugee flows 2015 Lattice gauge theory on quantum hardware 2016 Neural-network quantum states 2016 Learned error-correction decoders 2016 Learned fluid solvers 2016 Differentiable physics simulation 2016 Synthetic training data 2016 AI safety red-teaming environments 2016 Blockchain consensus simulation 2016 Extraction shooters 2016 Location-based and arcade VR 2016 Generative calorimeter shower models 2017 Recommender feedback-loop simulation 2017 Physics-informed neural networks 2017 Domain-randomised sim-to-real training 2017 Open driving simulators with sensor models 2017 Drone flight simulation 2017 Mega-constellation collision risk 2017 Multi-agent AI societies 2017 Embodied household simulators 2017 Neural network verification 2017 World-Earth models 2018 Learned subgrid parameterisation 2018 Learned equilibrium samplers 2018 Learned protein structure prediction 2018 Virtual imaging trials 2018 Near-term ecological forecasting 2018 Misinformation and rumour spread 2018 Learned legged locomotion 2018 Continuous cellular automata 2018 Continuous artificial life 2018 Learned world models 2018 FPGA-accelerated system simulation 2018 Neural avatars 2018 Physics-based character control 2018 Flow-based sampling for lattice field theory 2019 Neural-network wavefunctions for molecules 2019 Cell perturbation-response models 2019 Neural predictive models of sensory brain areas 2019 Agent-based exchange simulators 2019 Algorithmic pricing collusion 2019 Neural operators 2019 Open-ended environment generation 2019 Recommender-system simulators 2019 Virtual production sets 2019 Auto-battlers 2019 Agent-based game playtesting 2019 era 2020s 56 Differentiable cosmological simulation 2020 Cardiac digital twins 2020 Scenario modelling hubs 2020 Digital contact-tracing models 2020 Indoor airborne transmission simulation 2020 AI-designed economic policy simulation 2020 Coupled epidemic and economy models 2020 Graph-network learned simulators 2020 Tactile sensor simulation 2020 Supply chain digital twins 2020 Neural cellular automata 2020 Neural scene rendering 2020 Flight simulation over streamed Earth 2020 Quantum network simulation 2021 Synthetic sky survey catalogues and images 2021 Neural inference for gravitational waves 2021 Earth-system digital twins 2021 Generative models of crystals 2021 Network digital twins 2021 GPU-parallel robot learning environments 2021 Adversarial driving-scenario generation 2021 AI-guided conjecture discovery 2021 Language-model program execution 2021 Autonomous cyber-defence gyms 2021 Learned plasma control in simulation 2022 Machine-learned weather 2022 Universal interatomic potentials 2022 Language-model survey respondents 2022 Language-model behavioural experiments 2022 Populated social-system prototypes 2022 Language-grounded negotiation agents 2022 Learned algorithm and construction search 2022 Learned climate emulators 2023 Generative ensemble weather forecasting 2023 Language-model agent societies 2023 Language-model user simulation for recommenders 2023 Language-model macroeconomic agents 2023 Language-model agent organisations 2023 Learned humanoid locomotion 2023 Learned drone racing 2023 Simulated web environments for agents 2023 Learned real-world interactive simulators 2023 Generative driving world models 2023 Software engineering agent sandboxes 2023 Language-model simulated students 2023 Language-model conflict rehearsal 2023 Generative protein ensembles 2024 Language-model social platform simulation 2024 Connectome-constrained whole-brain models 2024 Connectome-based insect brain models 2024 Self-replicating program soups 2024 Neural game engines 2024 Interactive generative worlds 2024 Desktop computer agent environments 2024 Agent hospitals 2024 Language-model wargame agents 2024