Injiniya da fasaha
Iska a kan fikafikai, tsare-tsare a ƙarƙashin nauyi, guntu kafin ƙera, mutum-mutumi kafin gina su.
Kusan babu abin da ake ginawa yau ba tare da kwaikwayonsa tukuna ba. A cikin shekaru hamsin da suka wuce, kwaikwayo ya maye gurbin yawancin samfuran zahiri. Tsohon nau’insa, samfurin ma’auni na zahiri, har yanzu ana amfani da shi.
Aerodynamics
Iska tana kwarara a kan fikafikai, motoci, gine-gine da injin iska.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa jan baya, nawa ɗagawa, kuma ina kwararar ke rabuwa?
Yana barin: Ana yin samfurin hargitsi, ba a warware shi ba, don haka cikakken bayanin rabuwa ƙiyasi ne.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun HPC na jami’a ko kamfani, kwanaki a kowane lamariTun: 1962 Hanyar panel ta Hess da Smith don siffofin jirgin sama
Hargitsi
Kowane juyayyen ruwa na kwararar hargitsi ana warware shi kai tsaye, daga babban juyawa zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me hargitsi ke yi da gaske, don samfura masu sauƙin lissafi su ƙiyasta shi?
Yana barin: Ya tsaya ne ga lambobin Reynolds na matsakaici; ainihin kwararar tana wuce manyan na’urori.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1017 FLOPS kimanta kawai supercomputer na ƙasa, babban kaso, na makonniTun: 1972 Kwaikwayon lissafi kai-tsaye na 3D na farko na Orszag da Patterson
Samfuran zahiri masu mizani
Rami na iska, tankunan raƙuman ruwa, samfuran koguna da teburan girgiza: kwaikwayo mafi tsufa, kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su don duba na lissafi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ainihin kwarara yana dacewa da abin da kwamfuta ta hasashe?
Yana barin: Tasirin mizani yana nufin ƙaramin samfuri ba koyaushe yake yin ɗabi’a kamar abu mai cikakken girma ba.
Yana gudana a: babu kwamfuta. babu lissafin dijital; iska ta gaske, ruwa ko tebur mai girgiza maimakon hakaTun: 1871 Frank Wenham built one of the first wind tunnels
Kwaikwayon cavitation
Kumfa suna kafuwa kuma suna rugujewa da tsanani a ruwa mai gudu da sauri, a kewayen propeller na jirgin ruwa, famfo da bawul.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina cavitation zai cinye wannan propeller ko famfo, kuma ta yaya za mu ƙera a kewaye da shi?
Yana barin: Rugujewar kumfa tana faruwa a ma’auni mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da yadda yawancin kwaikwayo za su iya warwarewa a ko’ina.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a ko na wurin gina jirgi, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1988 Zuwa 1988, samfuran lissafi na farko na kwararar cavitation a kewayen propeller
Kwararar matakai da yawa da bututu
Mai, iskar gas, ruwa da slurries suna motsawa tare ta bututu, rijiyoyi da masana’antar sarrafawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin bututun zai yi aiki da santsi, ko kumburin ruwa da iskar gas za su shake shi?
Yana barin: Samuwar kumburin ruwa kwatsam har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa masu wuya don hasashe da tabbaci.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin makamashi, awanni a kowane lamarin bututuTun: 1979 Zuwa 1979, samfuran kwararar matakai da yawa na farko ga bututun mai da iskar gas na teku
Kwaikwayon taruwar ƙanƙara
Ɗigon ruwa mai sanyi sosai yana daskarewa a kan fuka-fukan jirgin sama da fuka-fukan turbin iska yayin tashi ko cikin iska.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ƙanƙara za ta taru, kuma narkar da ita za ta iya biyo bayanta?
Yana barin: Ainihin girman digon gajimare da ƙanƙara mai gauraye na bambanta fiye da yanayin gwajin yau da kullum.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na dakin gwajin sararin samaniya, awanni a kowane lamarin ƙanƙaraTun: 1988 Zuwa 1988, code na ƙanƙara na farko ta kwamfuta yana tallafa wa takardar shaidar jirgin sama
Hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyi masu sanin fiziks
Ana horar da neural network don sakamakonsa ya gamsar da lissafin differential mai mulki da bayanan da aka lura a lokaci guda.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hanyar sadarwa za ta iya koyon maganin PDE da ɗan raga ko babu?
Yana barin: Horo yana jinkiri kuma ba abin dogara ba ne ga matsaloli masu tauri ko hargitsi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo ta hanyar gangara tare da bambance-bambancen kai-tsayeTun: 2017 Physics informed deep learning, part I (2017) tushe
Neural operators
Hanyar sadarwa tana koyon taswira daga aiki, kamar yanayin iyaka, zuwa maganin PDE, don a amsa sababbin shigarwa a wucewa ɗaya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin samfurin da aka horar zai iya warware dukan iyalin PDE nan take?
Yana barin: Yana buƙatar gudanarwar mai warwarewa da yawa don horo kuma yana yin hasashe mara kyau.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai Samar da bayanai mai buƙatar lissafi mai yawa, sannan inference cikin sauriTun: 2019 DeepONet: learning nonlinear operators (2019), followed by Fourier neural operators (2020) tushe
Na’urorin kwaikwayo da aka koyar daga hanyar sadarwa ta jadawali
Graph neural network da aka horar da bayanan kwaikwayo yana tura ƙwayoyi ko ɗigon raga gaba don kwaikwayon ruwa, yadi da daskararru.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin neural net zai iya maye gurbin mai warware fiziks na ruwa da abubuwa masu iya canza siffa?
Yana barin: Kurakurai suna taruwa a dogayen rollouts kuma ba a tabbatar da kiyayewa ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo a kan bayanan mai warwarewa, buɗewa da sauriTun: 2020 Learning to simulate complex physics with graph networks (2020) tushe
Masu warware ruwa da aka koya
Hanyar sadarwa ta convolutional tana maye gurbin matakin matsin lamba na mai warware ruwa a kan grid don gaggauta kwaikwayon hayaƙi da ruwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hanyar sadarwa da aka horar za ta iya sa mai warware kwararar da ba ta matsewa ya yi sauri sosai?
Yana barin: Ana gwada kwanciyar hankali da daidaito ne kawai a kan kwararar da suka yi kama da horo.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Horo a kan bayanan mai warwarewa, ƙiyasi mai sauriTun: 2016 Accelerating Eulerian fluid simulation with convolutional networks (2016) tushe
Lattice-gas automata don kwararar ruwa
Ɓurɓushi suna tsalle a kan lattice da ƙa’idojin karo masu sauƙi waɗanda ke maimaita kwararar ruwa ko iska a babban mizani, ba tare da an gina ma’aunin kimiyyar ruwa ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin kwararar ruwa za ta iya fitowa daga ƙa’idodin ƙwayoyi masu sauƙi a kan lattice?
Yana barin: Hayaniya daga ɓarbashi daban-daban da rashin Galilean invariance suna iyakance daidaito, shi ya sa aka maye gurbinsa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙa’idojin bit-bit a kan lattice mai miliyoyin wurare.Tun: 1986 Frisch, Hasslacher and Pomeau's lattice-gas automata for the Navier-Stokes equation. tushe
Kwaikwayon kwararar lattice Boltzmann
Ruwa da aka wakilta ta rarraba saurin ƙwayoyi a kan lattice, waɗanda suke kwarara suna yin karo don ba da kwarara a siffa mai rikitarwa kamar dutse mai ramuka ko jijiyoyin jini.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ruwa ke kwarara ta cikin siffa mai sarƙaƙiya sosai?
Yana barin: Hanyar tana iyakance ga ƙananan lambobin Mach, kuma sarrafa iyaka na buƙatar kulawa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai biliyoyin ɗakunan lattice a kayan hotuna ko gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 1988 Amfani da ma’aunin Boltzmann na McNamara da Zanetti don kwaikwayon lattice-gas automata. tushe
Kwaikwayon kai-tsaye na iskar gas sirara
Ƙwayoyin iskar gas sirara da ake motsawa da karo bazuwar, inda iskar ta yi sirara da ba za ta zama ruwa mai ci gaba ba, kamar a gefen sararin samaniya ko a cikin ƙananan hanyoyi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya iskar gas sirara ke kewaya abin hawa a gefen saman yanayin Duniya?
Yana barin: Kowace ƙwayar da aka kwaikwaya tana tsayawa a madadin tiriliyoyin na gaske, don haka hayaniyar ƙididdiga tana da yawa a ƙananan gudu.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai biliyoyin ƙwayoyi da aka kwaikwaya.Tun: 1963 Bird's direct simulation of the approach to translational equilibrium in a rigid sphere gas. tushe
Large-eddy simulation na gonar iska
Iska mai hargitsi ta gonar iska da ƙarfin kowane rotor an ƙara, don ganin yadda wake ke mu’amala da rage ƙarfin turbin da ke ƙasa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa wuta gonar iska ke rasawa saboda iskar da injinan turbine ɗinta ke bari a baya (wakes)?
Yana barin: Ana maye gurbin fuka-fukan turbin da faifan ƙarfi, kuma ƙasa da kwanciyar hankalin yanayi suna canza sakamako.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar large-eddy na yankin kilomita da dama mai turbines goma-goma.Tun: 2010 Calaf, Meneveau and Meyers's large-eddy simulation of fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers. tushe
Mu’amalar ruwa da tsari
Ruwa mai motsi da jiki mai canza siffa ana warware su tare, don a iya hasashen kaɗawa, girgiza da flutter na fikafikai, gadoji da bawul.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsari mai lanƙwasuwa ke motsawa a cikin kwararar da ke kewaye da shi?
Yana barin: Motsin mesh da ƙarfin tasirin added-mass suna sa haɗawa ya zama mai nauyi a lissafi kuma wani lokaci ba shi da kwanciyar hankali.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai masu warware ruwa da daskararre da aka haɗa suna maimaitawa a kowane mataki.Tun: 1974 Hanyar Lagrangian-Eulerian ta Hirt, Amsden da Cook don kwararar ruwa a kowane gudu. tushe
Large-eddy simulation na kimiyyar wuta
Iska mai zafi da hayaƙi daga gobara a ɗaki, rami ko gini ana warware su a matsayin kwararar hargitsi mai ɗagawa tare da ƙonewa mai sauƙi, don ganin yadda zafi da hayaƙi ke yaɗuwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri hayaƙi zai cika wannan hanya, kuma yaushe mutane ba za su ƙara ganin hanyar fita ba?
Yana barin: Chemistry na konewa da hayaƙi an sauƙaƙa su, kuma ainihin mai, tagogi da kayan ɗaki an kwatanta su kimanta kawai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki a gungun kwamfutoci don babbar gobarar gini.Tun: 2000 Littafin jagorar mai amfani na Fire Dynamics Simulator na McGrattan da abokan aikinsa daga Cibiyar Ma’auni da Fasaha ta ƙasar Amurka. tushe
Nazarin tsarin gini
Gadoji, gine-gine, jirage da sassa a ƙarƙashin nauyi, zafi da girgiza.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina wurin rauni yake, kuma nawa ragowar tazarar tsaro ya rage?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka kayayyaki da nauyi kamilai; ainihin lahani ana magance su da ragi, ba da fiziks ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta injiniya ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1956 Hanyar ginin jirgin sama ta Turner, Clough, Martin da Topp
Kwaikwayon karo
Ababen hawa suna nakasa a karo, tare da mazaunan kama-da-wane a ciki.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya za mu kare mutanen da ke ciki?
Yana barin: Ana kimanta raunin wanda ke cikin abin hawa daga samfuran dummy, ba bambancin nama na ɗan adam na gaske ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun HPC na mai ƙera mota, awanni a kowane lamarin haɗariTun: 1979 Zuwa 1979, explicit finite-element codes na dakunan gwajin ƙasa suna yin samfurin karon motoci
Motsin jiki da yawa
Injuna a matsayin sassa masu tauri da aka haɗa da hinges, springs da giya: suspensions, injuna, hannun robot.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin na’urar za ta motsa yadda aka tsara, kuma ina nauyi ke tafiya?
Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar sassa a matsayin masu tauri ko ɗan lanƙwasuwa, suna rasa ƙananan mode na girgiza.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ta injiniya, mintuna zuwa awanniTun: 1971 Hanyar kwamfuta ta Sheth da Uicker don nazarin tsarin injina
Sauti da girgiza
Raƙuman sauti a ɗakuna, injina da birane, da girgiza a gine-gine.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan zauren zai samu kyakkyawan ingancin sauti, kuma wannan gada za ta yi amsa-amo da za a iya ji?
Yana barin: Yana wahala a ƙananan mitoci, inda tasirin raƙuman sauti ke rinjaye a kan na layukan ray.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1968 Krokstad da abokan aikinsa sun yi samfurin sautin ɗaki ta bin hanyar haske
Gajiya da girman tsagewa
Lalacewar tsari a hankali daga miliyoyin ƙananan zagayen kaya, ana bin ta a matsayin tsagewa masu girma da daga ƙarshe suke kasawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shekaru ko sa’o’in tashi nawa kafin wannan sashe ya buƙaci maye?
Yana barin: Ainihin lahani daga ƙera sun fi bambanci fiye da ƙananan tsagewa na farko da aka ɗauka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta injiniya ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowane sasheTun: 1968 Zuwa 1968, code na kwamfuta na farko na rayuwar gajiya ta fracture-mechanics
Tribology da kimiyyar taɓawa
Gogayya, lalacewa da man shafawa tsakanin fuskoki masu motsi a bearings, ƙafafun haƙora da haɗin gwiwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Har yaushe wannan bearing zai ɗauka, kuma nawa kuzari gogayya ke ɓata?
Yana barin: Rashin laushin saman a ƙaramin ma’auni ana ƙiyasta shi, ba a auna shi ga kowane sashe ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ta injiniya, awanni a kowane lamarin taɓawaTun: 1970 Zuwa 1970, samfuran kwamfuta na farko na elastohydrodynamic lubrication
Inganta topology
Ana ƙara abu da cirewa daga sararin ƙira a ƙarƙashin kaya har sai mafi sauƙin siffa mai tauri ta bayyana, tare da ramuka da tallafi da injiniya bai taɓa zana ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene siffa mafi sauƙi da har yanzu ke ɗaukar wannan nauyi?
Yana barin: Siffofin da suka fi dacewa galibi suna da wuyar ƙerawa kuma suna iya zama masu rauni ga nauyin da ba a yi la’akari da shi ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai maganin finite-element a cikin madauki na ingantawa da miliyoyin masu canzawa.Tun: 1988 Bendsoe and Kikuchi's generation of optimal topologies in structural design using a homogenisation method. tushe
Samfurin karyewar peridynamic
Daskararre da ake wakilta a matsayin ɗigo masu mu’amala daga nesa, don tsagewa su fara, su yi reshe su haɗu ba tare da hanyar tsagewa da aka ayyana a gaba ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsaga ke zaɓar hanyarta ta cikin abu mai karyewa?
Yana barin: Dole ne a daidaita tazarar mu’amala da ƙa’idar gazawa da kayan.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar marasa mesh da miliyoyin ɗigo.Tun: 2000 Sake tsara ka’idar elasticity ta Silling don rashin ci gaba da ƙarfin nesa. tushe
Samfurin tarkacen kewayawa da karo na tauraron ɗan adam
Tauraron ɗan adam, gutsuttsura da jikin roka da ake bi cikin shekaru goma-goma na karo da ruɓewa don gano ko suna ciyar da kansu kuma suna rufe kewayawa masu amfani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Karo nawa kafin tarkace su sa kewayawa ta zama marar amfani?
Yana barin: Ƙananan ɓaraguzai da ba a bi diddiginsu ba, ƙaddamarwa na gaba da halin rage haɗari ba su da tabbas.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1011 FLOPS kimanta kawai dogayen gudanarwar Monte Carlo a kan yawan kewayawa da yawa.Tun: 1978 Yawan karo na tauraron ɗan adam na wucin gadi da samuwar bel ɗin tarkace na Kessler da Cour-Palais. tushe
Co-simulation na samfuran da aka haɗa
Kwaikwayo daban-daban na mota, akwatin giya, mai sarrafawa da baturi, kowanne an gina shi a kayan aikinsa, ana gudanar da su tare ta musayar bayanai a matakan lokaci da aka amince.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin dukan na’urar tana aiki lokacin da kowane samfurin tsarin, da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka gina, suke gudana tare?
Yana barin: Musayar bayanai a matakai kafaffu yana ƙara kuskuren lissafi, kuma haɗi mai tsauri na iya zama marar kwanciyar hankali.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai sa’o’i a kan kwamfutar aiki don zagayen abin hawa.Tun: 2011 Blochwitz and colleagues' Functional Mock-up Interface for tool-independent exchange of simulation models. tushe
Kwaikwayon da’ira
Kowace wutar lantarki da kwararar lantarki a da’irar lantarki, transistor bayan transistor.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin da’irar tana aiki, kuma nawa wutar lantarki take ɗauka?
Yana barin: Samfuran sassa kimanta ne da aka daidaita; ainihin silicon yana bambanta guntu bayan guntu.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ta injiniya, mintuna a kowane ɓangaren guntuTun: 1973 SPICE na Nagel da Pederson, shirin kwaikwayon da’ira na gaba ɗaya a Berkeley
Kwaikwayon mantikin guntu
Ƙirar guntu ta dijital da ake gudanarwa zagayen agogo ɗaya a lokaci kafin a ƙera ta.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin guntu yana lissafa sakamako daidai kafin kuɗin ƙera ya taso?
Yana barin: Ana ƙiyasta lokaci; kwaikwayon da ke aiki zai iya kasawa har yanzu bayan an ƙera shi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta ƙira ko ƙaramin gungun sabobi, awanni a kowane guduTun: 1965 Zuwa 1965, na’urorin kwaikwayon gate-level na farko suna duba ƙirar mantikin dijital
Electromagnetics
Raƙuman rediyo, haske da filaye a kewayen eriya, da’irori da na’urorin gani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan eriya ke fitar da raƙuman rediyo da kyau, kuma wannan na’ura na zubar da tsangwama?
Yana barin: Cikakkun bayanan geometry kusa da iyakar raga suna shafewa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ko gungun kwamfutoci, awanni a kowace ƙiraTun: 1966 Hanyar finite-difference time-domain ta Kane Yee
Kwaikwayon hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta
Fakiti suna kwarara ta routers, hanyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hanyar sadarwa za ta iya ɗaukar zirga-zirga sau biyu?
Yana barin: Yana sauƙaƙa halayen kayan aiki na gaske da tsarin zirga-zirga da ake gani a hanyoyin sadarwa na samarwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ko ƙaramar sabar, mintuna zuwa awanniTun: 1964 Binciken jerin gwano na Leonard Kleinrock na hanyoyin sadarwar fakiti
Emulation da injunan kama-da-wane
Na’ura ɗaya tana kwaikwayon wata daidai, umarni-umarni, don software ɗinta ya yi aiki ba tare da canji ba.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin za mu iya gudanar da wannan tsohon ko na gaba a kayan da muke da su?
Yana barin: Yana gudana a hankali fiye da ainihin kayan aiki sai idan an inganta shi sosai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur, a lokacin gaske ko fiye da shiTun: 1963 Zuwa 1963, na’urorin kwaikwayon instruction-set na farko suna gwada ƙirar kwamfuta kafin su wanzu
Kwaikwayon na’urar semiconductor
Electrons da dopant atoms a cikin transistor ɗaya, kafin a mayar da shi samfurin matakin da’ira.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya siffar wannan transistor da doping ɗinsa za su canza yadda yake sauyawa?
Yana barin: Yana sauƙaƙa tasirin quantum da suka fi muhimmanci a mafi ƙanƙantar girman transistor.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin semiconductor, awanni a kowace na’uraTun: 1964 Samfurin lissafi na Gummel na transistor na bipolar
Tagwayen dijital na hanyar sadarwa
Kwafin kama-da-wane na hanyar sadarwa ta sadarwa, ana kiyaye shi daidai da ta gaske, ana amfani da shi don gwada canje-canje kafin a yi su.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me zai faru da hanyar sadarwa idan an yi wannan canji?
Yana barin: Daidaito yana dogara da telemetry, kuma girma yana da iyaka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Samfuran matakin fakiti ko na koyoTun: 2021 Digital twin networks: a survey (2021) tushe
Kwaikwayon optical lithography
Haske da ke wucewa ta abin rufe zuwa fim mai jin haske don hasashen tsarin da’ira da aka buga a guntu, har da dushewa da sinadarin resist.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tsarin da ke kan mask ɗin lithography zai fito yadda aka yi niyya a kan guntu?
Yana barin: Ana kimanta sinadarin resist da tasirin photon na bazuwar a ƙananan girma.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon cikakken guntu don layi ɗaya.Tun: 1975 Dill's optical lithography exposure model of resist. tushe
Kwaikwayon tsarin sarrafa semiconductor
Matakan ƙera transistor, shigarwa, yaɗawa da oxidising, ana bin su don hasashen bayanan doping da siffofi kafin samfurin na’urar.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace siffa da bayanin dopant wani girkin ƙera ke samarwa?
Yana barin: Samfuran lahani na ɗigo da mahaɗa suna buƙatar daidaitawa da kowane sabon tsari.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai warware yaɗuwa da halayen sinadarai masu girma biyu ko uku.Tun: 1979 Antoniadis and Dutton's models for computer simulation of complete IC fabrication processes. tushe
Samfurin zafin processor
Zafi yana wucewa ta layukan guntu da marufinsa, wanda canjin ƙarfin sassan aiki ke motsawa, don gano wurare masu zafi da saita rage gudu.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina na’urar sarrafawa ke yin zafi fiye da kima yayin da aikinta ke canzawa?
Yana barin: Samfurin yana amfani da ƙiyasin wuta, kuma cikakken bayanin kunshi da sanyaya an haɗa su.
Yana gudana a: kusan 108 FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙaramar hanyar sadarwar zafi da take gudana cikin daƙiƙu.Tun: 2003 Samfurin microarchitecture mai sanin zafi na Skadron da abokan aikinsa tare da samfurin zafi mai sauƙi. tushe
Lissafin tsarin band na photonic-crystal
Haske a cikin tsarin dielectric na lokaci-lokaci, ana warware shi don mitoci da za su iya ko ba za su iya yaɗuwa ba, don ƙirar waveguides da filtata.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne launukan haske tsari na lokaci-lokaci zai iya toshewa?
Yana barin: An ɗauka cikakken maimaituwa, don haka ana ƙara rashin tsari, asara da girma mai iyaka daban.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai warwarewar plane-wave eigenvalue ga kowane wave vector.Tun: 1990 Nunin Ho, Chan da Soukoulis na gibin photon a cikin tsarin dielectric masu maimaituwa. tushe
Samfurin zafi na guntu da aka jera
Zafi yana wucewa ta layukan silicon da aka jera a tsaye kuma ruwa ke sanyaya tsakaninsu, ana warware shi da sauri sosai don tantance ƙirar tarin.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin jerin guntu masu hanyoyin sanyaya za su iya riƙe kowane layi a ƙasa da iyakarsa?
Yana barin: Ainihin guntu suna da wurare masu zafi da suka fi ƙanƙanta da ƙwayoyin samfurin, don haka ana iya raina mafi girman zafi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 108 FLOPS kimanta kawai mintuna a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2010 Samfurin zafi mai ɗan lokaci da aka matse na 3D-ICE na Sridhar da abokan aiki don guntu na 3D masu sanyaya ruwa tsakanin matakai. tushe
Kwaikwayon robot
Robots masu firikwensin da injina na kwaikwayo a cikin injin fiziks, ana horar ko gwada su kafin su taɓa ainihin duniya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai sarrafawa da aka koya a kwaikwayo zai yi aiki a ainihin robot?
Yana barin: Taɓawa da gogayya a duniya ta gaske har yanzu suna da wuyar daidaitawa daidai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur mai GPU, a lokacin gaske ko fiye da shiTun: 1983 Zuwa 1983, na’urorin kwaikwayon shirye-shiryen da ake yi ba a kan na’urar ba na farko suna tsara hannayen mutum-mutumin masana’anta
Gwajin motoci masu tuƙa kansu
Software na tuƙi-da-kai yana tuƙa miliyoyin kilomitoci na kama-da-wane ta al’amura masu wuya da haɗari.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsarin ke magance yanayin da ke faruwa sau ɗaya a kowane kilomita miliyan?
Yana barin: Ainihin al’amuran duniya da ba kasafai ba har yanzu suna da wuyar ɗauka, duk yawan kilomitoci na kama-da-wane da aka tuƙa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai rundunar sabobin GPU na gajimare, ana gudanar da su a lokaci gudaTun: 2004 tallafin kwaikwayo ga manyan gasannin motocin tuƙi-da-kai na farko na Amurka
Robot na garke
Ƙananan robots da yawa masu daidaitawa da ƙa’idoji na kusa, galibi ana aro su daga kwari.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mutum-mutumi ɗari masu arha za su iya yin abin da ɗaya mai tsada ba zai iya ba?
Yana barin: Robots masu sauƙi na kwaikwayo ba sa ɗaukar hayaniyar firikwensin gaske da iyakar baturi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, tana kwaikwayon mutum-mutumi goma-goma zuwa ɗari-ɗariTun: 1989 Gerardo Beni's early work on swarm intelligence and cellular robotics
Tagwayen dijital
Kwaikwayo da ake ci gaba da daidaita shi da na’ura ta gaske, masana’anta ko gini ta amfani da bayanan firikwensinta kai tsaye.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me yake gab da kasawa, kuma me zai faru idan muka canza wannan saiti?
Yana barin: Daidaito yana iyaka da bayanan firikwensin da aka ba shi; gibi da karkata suna taruwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai sabar gajimare tana sabunta samfurin shuka koyausheTun: 2002 Michael Grieves ya ba da shawarar haɗa samfur da samfurin kama-da-wane mai rai
Motsin motar bincike ta wasu duniyoyi
Ƙafafu da hannu na mota mai bincike suna mu’amala da ƙasa mai sako-sako da dutse a wata duniya, kafin ta taɓa tuƙi a can.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin robot ɗin zai makale, kuma hannunsa zai kai samfurin?
Yana barin: Ana sanin ƙasa ta wajen duniya daga wuraren sauka kaɗan kawai, don haka halinta ana tsawaita shi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na hukumar sararin samaniya, awanni a kowane lamarin ƙasaTun: 1997 kwaikwayon taya-da-ƙasa da suka goyi bayan farkon robot ɗin Mars mai nasara
Sarrafa exoskeleton da kayan gaɓa na wucin gadi
Na’urar da ake sawa da jikin ɗan Adam suna motsawa tare, tare da tsarin sarrafawa da aka daidaita kafin mutum ya sa ta.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin na’urar za ta taimaki motsin mai sawa, ko ta yi gaba da shi?
Yana barin: Jikuna na kwaikwayo da wuya su ɗauki raunin mutum ɗaya na musamman ko tafiyarsa daidai.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ta dakin gwajin bincike, a lokacin gaske a kowane gwajiTun: 1990 Zuwa 1990, kwaikwayon sarrafa kayan exoskeleton mai ƙarfi na farko a dakunan gwajin bincike
Muhallin koyon na’urar robot a cikin GPU masu aiki a lokaci guda
Dubban robot na kwaikwayo suna gudana lokaci ɗaya a GPU ɗaya don manufar koyon ƙarfafawa ta yi horo cikin mintuna.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri za a iya koyon manufar robot ta amfani da kwaikwayo mai yawa a lokaci guda?
Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa fiziks na taɓawa, don haka canja wuri yana buƙatar kulawa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai Dubban muhallin fiziks masu gudana a lokaci ɗaya a GPUTun: 2021 Isaac Gym: high performance GPU-based physics simulation for robot learning (2021) tushe
Horon sim-to-real tare da bazuwar yanki (domain randomisation)
Ana horar da manufa a na’urar kwaikwayo wadda kamanninta da fiziks ɗinta suke bambanta a bazuwar don ta yi aiki a duniya ta gaske.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin manufa da aka horar a kwaikwayo kaɗai za ta iya aiki a mutum-mutumi na gaske?
Yana barin: Dole tazarar bazuwar ta rufe ainihin giɓi, wanda yake da wuyar sani.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai Manyan gudanarwar horo na bazuwarTun: 2017 Domain randomization for transferring deep neural networks from simulation to the real world (2017) tushe
Kwaikwayon fiziks mai differentiable
Injin fiziks da aka rubuta don gradients su koma ta hanyar taɓawa da motsi, yana bari a daidaita ƙira ko masu sarrafawa ta gradient descent.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wannan mai sarrafawa ko ƙira ya kamata ya canza don inganta sakamakonsa?
Yana barin: Gangarar da ke wucewa ta wuraren taɓawa masu tauri tana da hayaniya ko ruɗarwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Wucewa baya ta matakan kwaikwayo da yawaTun: 2016 A differentiable physics engine for deep learning in robotics (2016) tushe
Samar da yanayin tuƙi na adversarial
Mai ingantawa yana motsa hanyoyin sauran masu amfani da hanya a wuraren da aka naɗa don gano yanayin da tsarin mai tuƙi da kansa yake kasawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne yanayi na gaske ke sa tarin sarrafa kai ya kasa?
Yana barin: Yanayin da yake sa tsarin ya kasa yana iya zama wanda kusan ba ya taɓa faruwa a hanyoyi na gaske, don haka yana faɗin kaɗan game da sau nawa kasawa ke faruwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudanarwar kwaikwayo da yawa a rufaffiyar zagayeTun: 2021 AdvSim: generating safety-critical scenarios for self-driving vehicles (2021) tushe
Na’urorin kwaikwayon tuƙi buɗaɗɗu masu samfuran firikwensin
Duniyar injin wasa mai zirga-zirga, yanayi da kyamarori da lidar da aka kwaikwaya don haɓaka da gwada motoci masu tuƙa kansu.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tsarin tuƙi zai gani kuma ya yi aiki a yanayi daban-daban?
Yana barin: Gaskiyar firikwensin da zirga-zirga ba ta daidaita da ainihin duniya daidai ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai Nunawa a lokaci na gaske a kan GPUTun: 2017 CARLA: an open urban driving simulator (2017) tushe
Tafiyar masu ƙafa da aka koya
Ana horar da manufar koyon ƙarfafawa don tafiya da gudu ga mutum-mutumi mai ƙafafu a na’urar kwaikwayon fiziks, sannan a mayar da ita ga injin na gaske.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mutum-mutumi zai iya koyon tafiya a kwaikwayo ya riƙe daidaito a ƙasa ta gaske?
Yana barin: Taɓa ƙafa, jinkirin injin tuƙi da laushin ƙasa suna bambanta da samfurin, don haka manufar da take aiki a kwaikwayo na iya kasawa a na’urar.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai sa’o’i zuwa kwanaki na lokacin GPU ga kowane tafiya.Tun: 2018 Tan da abokan aiki, koyon motsi mai sauri na robot masu ƙafa huɗu daga kwaikwayo zuwa ainihi (sim-to-real). tushe
Tafiyar humanoid da aka koya
Ana horar da mai sarrafa neural a kwaikwayo don mutum-mutumin siffar ɗan Adam mai ƙafa biyu ya yi tafiya a kan nau’ikan ƙasa da yawa, yana amfani da tarihin ji nasa don daidaitawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mutum-mutumi mai siffar ɗan Adam zai iya tafiya a waje a kan matakala, ciyawa da gangare ta amfani da manufa da aka koya ba tare da gwaji na gaske ba?
Yana barin: Faɗuwar mutum-mutumi mai siffar ɗan Adam na cikakken girma tana da haɗari kuma mai tsada, don haka ana gwaji da taka-tsantsan kuma ba a yi taswirar iyakar manufar ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1017 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki a gungun GPU.Tun: 2023 Radosavovic and colleagues’ real-world humanoid locomotion with reinforcement learning. tushe
Kwaikwayon tashin jirgin mara matuƙi
Ƙananan jiragen sama masu fuka-fuki masu juyawa, na’urorin ji da kyamarori suna shawagi cikin al’amuran da aka nuna ƙarƙashin iska da fiziks na kwaikwayo, don haɓaka yin aiki da kansu da gwada shi cikin aminci.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan software ɗin jirgi za ta kiyaye jirgin mara matuƙi karko kuma ta guji cikas kafin ya bar ƙasa?
Yana barin: Aerodynamics kusa da ƙasa, a cikin iskar da ke kaɗawa kwatsam da tsakanin cikas an sauƙaƙa, don haka lamuran gefe suna bayyana ne kawai a jirgin mara matuƙi na gaske.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai lokaci na gaske a kan GPU irin na wasa, ko dubban gudanarwa a lokaci guda.Tun: 2017 AirSim na Shah da abokan aikinsa, kwaikwayon gani da zahiri don ababen hawa na sama da na ƙasa. tushe
Tseren drone da aka koya
Ana horar da manufar sarrafawa a kwaikwayo don tuƙa quadrotor ta hanyar tseren a iyakar saurinsa, sannan a tashi da ita a ainihin jirgin.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mai sarrafawa da aka koya zai iya tashi da sauri fiye da matuƙin jirgin gwarzo na ɗan Adam?
Yana barin: Hanyar sananniya ce kuma tana da haske, don haka ba a nuna manufar tana aiki a wuraren da ba a sani ba ko a mummunan yanayi ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki na horon GPU a kwaikwayo.Tun: 2023 Tseren drone mai matakin zakara tare da zurfin koyon ƙarfafawa na Kaufmann da abokan aikinsa. tushe
Kwaikwayon robot mai laushi
Mutum-mutumi da aka yi da kayan roba ana yin samfurinsa a matsayin daskararre mai iya canza siffa ta finite elements da sauri isa a sarrafa shi a lokacin gaske.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya dole a canza matsin iska a ɗakunan don hannun mai laushi ya isa wani wuri?
Yana barin: Kaddarorin roba suna canzawa da zafi da shekaru, kuma saurin samfurin yana buƙatar mesh mai ƙauri.
Yana gudana a: kusan 109 FLOPS kimanta kawai lokaci na gaske a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2013 Duriez's control of elastic soft robots based on a real-time finite element method. tushe
Kwaikwayon na’urar ji ta taɓawa
Hotunan taɓawa da na’urar ji ta fata mai kyamara za ta ɗauka lokacin da aka matsa a abubuwa ana nuna su a kwaikwayo, don hannayen robot su koyi ji.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin mutum-mutumi zai iya koyon sarrafa abubuwa ta taɓawa ba tare da lalata firikwensin na gaske ba?
Yana barin: Ana nuna nakasar gel mai laushi da ƙiyasi, don haka gibin sim-to-real ya fi girma ga cikakkun laushi.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1010 FLOPS kimanta kawai lokaci na gaske a kan GPU irin na wasa.Tun: 2020 TACTO na Wang da abokan aiki, mai kwaikwayon buɗaɗɗen tushe mai sauri don na’urorin ji na taɓawa masu tushen gani. tushe
Hanyoyin kumbo
Hanyoyi ta cikin nauyin Rana, duniyoyi da watanni, har da taimakon nauyi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene hanya mafi arha zuwa wannan wata, kuma yaushe za mu harba?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka ƙarfin jan ƙasa da aka sani kuma babu karkacewa; ainihin kewayawa har yanzu yana buƙatar gyaran hanya.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, daƙiƙu a kowace hanyar ɗan takaraTun: 1959 lissafin hanyoyi na farko don ayyukan Wata na farko
Shigar cikin yanayin duniya
Kumbon sarari yana bugun yanayi da kilomita da yawa a daƙiƙa, tare da taguwar girgiza da zafi a kewaye.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin garkuwar zafi za ta tsira?
Yana barin: Sinadarin kwararar da ba kasafai ba a gudu mai tsanani har yanzu tushen rashin tabbaci ne mai aiki.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1015 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun HPC na ƙasa ko jami’a, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1958 Zuwa 1958, lissafin zafin sake shigar makamin ballistic na farko
Batura da fuel cells
Ions da electrons suna motsawa ta cikin electrodes da electrolyte yayin da baturi ke caji da tsufa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya za a iya sa caji ya yi sauri ba tare da ƙara saurin lalacewar baturi ba?
Yana barin: Tsufa a kan dubban zagaye har yanzu ana tsawaita bayanansa don hasashe, ba a kwaikwaye shi gaba ɗaya ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a, awanni a kowane ƙirar tantanin batirTun: 1993 Doyle, Fuller and Newman's porous-electrode battery model
Kwaikwayon injin roka
Iskar wuta mai zafi tana faɗaɗa ta cikin bakin injin roka, da zafin da take zubawa cikin bangon da dole ne su jure shi.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ƙarfin turawa wannan inji ke samarwa, kuma bakin injin da bango za su tsira daga zafin?
Yana barin: Rashin kwanciyar hankalin konewa, inda wutar kanta take fara girgiza, har yanzu yana da wuyar hasashe.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1016 FLOPS kimanta kawai rabon supercomputer na hukumar sararin samaniya ko kamfani, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1968 Zuwa 1968, samfuran lissafi na farko na ɗakunan ƙone roka
Kwaikwayon zafi da wutar kumbo
Zafi da wutar lantarki da ke tafiya cikin tauraron ɗan adam yayin da hasken rana, inuwa da kayan da ke ciki ke canzawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin kowane ɓangaren kumbo zai kasance cikin amintaccen zafi da kasafin wuta?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka fuskoki suna tsufa suna lalacewa kamar yadda ake tsammani, wanda shekaru a zagaye ba kullum suke tabbatarwa ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ta injiniyan tauraron ɗan adam, mintuna a kowane yanayin zagayeTun: 1965 Zuwa 1965, samfuran daidaiton zafi na farko ga tauraron ɗan adam masu zagaye
Kwaikwayon amfanin gonar hasken rana da iska
Hasken rana ko iska a cikin shekara ana kwatanta shi da allunan gona ko turbin don hasashen yawan makamashin da zai samar.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa wutar lantarki wannan gona za ta samar a gaske, kuma ya dace a gina ta?
Yana barin: Shekarar yanayi guda da ba a saba gani ba har yanzu tana iya bambanta sosai da matsakaicin dogon lokaci.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1012 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ta mai ginin gidaje, mintuna a kowane wuriTun: 1981 Zuwa 1981, tantance albarkatun iska na farko ta kwamfuta don zaɓen wurin gonar injin iska
Haɗarin karo na babban gungun tauraron ɗan adam
Dubun dubatan tauraron ɗan adam a ƙananan hanyoyin sarari na bai ɗaya ana bin diddigin su da tarkacen da ke akwai don ƙiyasta kusantar juna, ayyukan gujewa da tasirin gazawa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Karo nawa babban gungun tauraron ɗan adam zai ƙara, kuma yaya sauri yake buƙatar cire waɗanda suka gaza?
Yana barin: Ƙimar ƙaddamarwa na gaba, ƙimar kasawa da halin masu aiki zato ne, kuma ƙananan ɓarɓashi da ba a bi ba ba a san su da kyau ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai kwanaki a gungun kwamfutoci don shekaru goma-goma na juyin halittar zagaye.Tun: 2017 Nazarin Radtke da abokan aikinsa na yadda manyan gungun tauraron ɗan adam ke mu’amala da muhallin tarkacen sarari. tushe
Yiwuwar karon conjunction
Ana amfani da hanyoyin da aka hasashe na abubuwa biyu, tare da rashin tabbacinsu, don lissafa yiwuwar karo lokacin da suka wuce kusa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ya cancanci ƙona thrusters don guje wa wannan kusanta?
Yana barin: Ana raina rashin tabbacin kewayawa sau da yawa, kuma yiwuwar guda ɗaya yana dogara sosai da siffar kuskuren da aka ɗauka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 106 FLOPS kimanta kawai daƙiƙu ga kowane haɗuwa, ana gudanarwa a kan dubban abubuwa.Tun: 1999 Alfriend and colleagues' analysis of errors in probability of collision. tushe
Zubar da ƙarfe da taurarawa
Ƙarfe mai narkewa yana cika ƙirar zubawa kuma yana daskarewa, ana bin diddiginsa don gano inda bai cika da kyau ba ko ya tattare zuwa lahani.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan zubawa zai cika yadda ya kamata, kuma ina lahani za su samu?
Yana barin: Ainihin yanayin tanderu da ƙirar zubawa suna bambanta fiye da zubawa ɗaya na kwaikwayo.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin injiniya, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1985 Zuwa 1985, kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko na wannan tsarin ƙera
Kwaikwayon walda
Narkewar ƙarfe, haɗuwa da sanyaya a ƙunƙuntaccen yankin da ke kewaye da walda, tare da matsin da ke karkatar da sashen da aka gama.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin walda zai riƙe, kuma nawa ne kayan zai nakasa daga baya?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka yanayin walda mai tsabta, daidaito da walda ta hannu ba kullum take bayarwa ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin injiniya, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1975 Zuwa 1975, kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko na wannan tsarin ƙera
Kwaikwayon ƙera ta ƙarawa
Sashi da aka gina layi bayan layi ta tushen zafi mai motsi, ana bin ɗumama, narkewa da matsin da ya rage a baya.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin kayan da aka gama za su lanƙwasa ko tsagewa, kuma yaya ya kamata a sanya shi a kan farantin ginawa?
Yana barin: Kwaikwayon cikakken sashi a ainihin ƙuduri har yanzu yana jinkiri ga yawancin jadawalin samarwa.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin injiniya, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1995 Zuwa 1995, kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko na wannan tsarin ƙera
Sarrafa ƙarfe da matse shi
Takardar ƙarfe ko billet mai zafi da ake matsewa, buga ko ƙirƙira zuwa siffarsa ta ƙarshe.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ƙarfen zai tsage ko ya yi lanƙwasa kafin ya kai siffar ƙarshe?
Yana barin: Yana ɗauka faifan farko mai daidaito; ainihin tarin kayan ya fi bambanta da haka.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1014 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin injiniya, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1980 Zuwa 1980, kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko na wannan tsarin ƙera
Kwaikwayon yanke ƙarfe
Kayan yanka yana cire ƙarfe a matsayin guntaye, tare da ƙarfi, zafi da lalacewar da wannan yake haifarwa.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya sauri za mu iya yanka ba tare da karya kayan aiki ko lalata ƙarshen saman ba?
Yana barin: Lalacewar kayan aiki a kan sassa da yawa har yanzu galibi ana ƙiyasta ta daga gogewar da ta gabata, ba daga tushe ba.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin injiniya, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1982 Zuwa 1982, kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko na wannan tsarin ƙera
Kwaikwayon ƙera ta allurar zubawa a ƙira
Filastik mai narkewa yana cika ramukan ƙirar zubawa kuma yana sanyi zuwa siffarsa ta ƙarshe.
Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ƙirar zubawa za ta cika daidai, kuma ina za ta lanƙwasa ko nuna lahani?
Yana barin: Ainihin tarin filastik na bambanta daidai yadda suke kwarara, fiye da bayanan kayan yau da kullum.
Yana gudana a: kusan 1013 FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na kamfanin injiniya, awanni a kowane lamariTun: 1976 Zuwa 1976, kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko na wannan tsarin ƙera