Halin ɗan adam da al’umma

Tsarin fahimta

Samfurin lissafi na ƙwaƙwalwar ɗan Adam, kulawa da tunani, an gudanar da shi a kan aikin da aka ba mutane a dakin gwaji.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin samfurin yana yin kurakurai iri ɗaya, a gudu iri ɗaya, da mutane?

Yana barin: Daidaita lokutan martanin ɗan Adam ba ya tabbatar da samfurin yana amfani da ainihin hanyar kwakwalwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da tsari a kan aikin dakin gwajiTun: 1983 Ci gaban Newell na tsarin fahimta ɗaya, Soar

Samfuran yanke shawara

Shaida tana taruwa ta bazuwar har ta ƙetare ƙofa, ana amfani da ita don bayyana zaɓuka da lokutan martani.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa mutane ke yin musayar gudu da daidaito yadda suke yi?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka shaida tana taruwa da tsayayyen gudu mai hayaniya, sauƙaƙen hoton jijiyoyi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana daidaita samfurin drift-diffusion da bayanan zaɓiTun: 1978 Samfurin drift-diffusion na Ratcliff na yanke shawara

Samfuran koyo

Wakilai suna koyo daga lada da kuskure, an daidaita su da yadda mutane da dabbobi suke yi a gwajin koyo.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace ƙa’idar koyo ta fi bayyana yadda mutane ke daidaitawa da canjin dama?

Yana barin: Yana kama halin matsakaici da kyau amma sau da yawa yana rasa bambancin koyo na mutum ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana daidaita samfurin koyon lada da bayanaiTun: 1972 Samfurin Rescorla da Wagner na koyon haɗa abubuwa (associative learning)

Sanin zamantakewa da samfuran hasashen hankalin wani

Hoton da wakili yake da shi a cikin kansa na abin da wani yake gaskatawa, so ko sani, ana amfani da shi don bayyana yadda mutane suke hasashe da sarrafa halin juna.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Matakai nawa mutane ke tunani a gaske game da abin da wasu ke tunani?

Yana barin: Yawancin samfura suna iyakance gida-gidan imani zuwa matakai kaɗan, ko da yake ainihin tunani ba shi da tsari sosai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin tunani na imani a cikin imaniTun: 1978 Ka’idar hankali ta Premack da Woodruff, wadda daga baya aka tsara ta ta lissafi

Samfurin motsin rai da tasiri

Tantance yanayi da aka kwaikwaya, kamar barazana ko asara, ana mayar da shi yanayin motsin rai wanda sai ya karkatar da yanke shawarar wakilin na gaba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya jin tsoro ko fushi ke canza zaɓuɓɓukan da ke biyo baya a gaske?

Yana barin: Ƙa’idojin tantancewa ra’ayin mai yin samfuri ne game da motsin rai, ba karanta jin kowa kai tsaye ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin motsin rai na tantancewaTun: 1988 Samfurin fahimta na motsin rai na Ortony, Clore da Collins

Samfurin zaɓi a ƙarƙashin haɗari da rashin tabbas

Caca da yanke shawara da ake gudanarwa ta samfurin yadda mutane suke auna riba, asara da yiwuwa a zahiri, maimakon yadda wakili mai hankali kawai zai yi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa zaɓin mutane ƙarƙashin haɗari ke karkata daga amsar littafi ta hankali haka akai-akai?

Yana barin: Yana dacewa da karkatar matsakaici da kyau, amma zaɓin kowane mutum na iya karkata daga lanƙwasar da aka daidaita.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana daidaita samfurin zaɓi na prospect-theory da bayanaiTun: 1992 Ka’idar prospect mai tarawa ta Tversky da Kahneman na zaɓi ƙarƙashin haɗari

Masu amsa bincike na samfurin harshe

Ana ba samfurin harshe bayanin yawan jama’a a ce ya amsa tambayoyin bincike kamar yadda wannan mutumin zai yi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin samfuri zai iya tsayawa a madadin samfurin bincike don hasashen martanin ƙungiya?

Yana barin: Yana gadon son zuciya da kamanceceniya daga rubutun horon samfurin, kuma yana da rauni a kan ƙungiyoyin da bai gani da yawa ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁴ FLOPS kimanta kawai Kiran samfuri ɗaya ga kowane mai amsa da aka yi wa kwaikwayoTun: 2022 Out of One, Many: using language models to simulate human samples (2022) tushe

Gwaje-gwajen ɗabi’a na samfurin harshe

Ana ba samfuran harshe umarni a matsayin mahalarta daban-daban da yawa don sake yin gwaje-gwajen gargajiya a ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da tattalin arziki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin samfuri yana sake haifar da sakamakon ɗan Adam a wani bincike na gargajiya?

Yana barin: Maimaitawa na iya nuna nazarin da aka haddace, kuma samfurin ba zai iya tafiya zuwa sababbin ƙira ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁴ FLOPS kimanta kawai Kiran samfuri da yawa ga kowane gwajiTun: 2022 Using large language models to simulate multiple humans and replicate human subject studies (2022) tushe

Rarraba wurin zama

Gidaje suna ƙaura idan maƙwabta kaɗan ne ke kama da su, samfurin Thomas Schelling na yadda ƙananan fifiko ke haifar da rarrabuwa mai kaifi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa fifiko na kowane mutum ake buƙata don samar da birni da ya rabu?

Yana barin: Ainihin rarrabuwa kuma ya ƙunshi kuɗin shiga, nuna wariya da tarihi da ƙaramin fifiko shi kaɗai ba zai iya bayyanawa ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana gudanar da samfurin rarrabuwa na Schelling a kan gridTun: 1971 Samfurin rarrabuwa na asali na Schelling da aka yi da hannu, wanda daga baya aka mayar da shi na kwamfutaA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Rarrabuwar Schelling

Gudanar da samfurin mai mu’amala

Motsin ra’ayi

Wakilai suna tura ra’ayin juna ta hulɗa da hanyoyin sadarwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaushe ƙungiya ke kaiwa ga yarjejeniya, kuma yaushe ta rabu zuwa sansanoni?

Yana barin: Ainihin ra’ayoyi suna ƙunshe da motsin rai da asalin kai da ƙa’idodin matsakaici masu sauƙi ba sa ɗauka.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana sabunta ra’ayoyi a hanyar sadarwar zamantakewaTun: 1974 DeGroot's model of iterative opinion pooling, later simulated on networks

Haɗin kai da ƙa’idodi

Wasannin amana da zamba da aka maimaita tsakanin ’yan wasa da yawa, tare da suna da hukunci.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙa’idojin haɗin kai da adalci ke zama tabbatattu?

Yana barin: Ainihin suna da hukunci sun fi ruɗani da jinkiri fiye da tsabtatattun wasannin da aka maimaita.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da gasar wasan da ake maimaitawaTun: 1980 Axelrod's computer tournaments of the repeated prisoner's dilemma

Yaɗuwar ra’ayoyi

Sababbin abubuwa, ɗabi’u da jita-jita suna yaɗuwa ta hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa wasu ra’ayoyi ke karɓuwa wasu kuma ba sa yaɗuwa?

Yana barin: Yana hasashen lanƙwasar karɓa fiye da yadda yake bayyana dalilin da mutum ɗaya ke sauyawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon karɓuwa a hanyar sadarwar zamantakewaTun: 1969 Bass's mathematical model of new product diffusion, later simulated

Samuwar hanyar sadarwar zamantakewa

Mutane suna yin da karya alaƙa da ƙa’idoji kamar abokan abokai da kamanceceniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa manyan hanyoyin sadarwa ke nuna gajeren tsawon hanya tsakanin kusan kowane nau’i-biyu na nodes?

Yana barin: Ainihin samar da alaƙa ya ƙunshi yanayin ƙasa da hukumomin da ƙa’idodin kamala ke tsallakewa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana haɓaka hanyar sadarwa ƙarƙashin ƙa’idar haɗawaTun: 1999 Barabasi and Albert's preferential attachment model of network growth

Juyin harshe

Wakilai suna ƙirƙirar kalmomi da nahawu don sadarwa, suna ba da su ga wasu.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya za a iya samun kalmomin da ake rabawa ba tare da wani shugaba ba?

Yana barin: Ainihin harshe yana da nahawu da tarihi mafi arziƙi fiye da ƙananan kalmomin da wakilai ke haɓakawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da wakilai da ke ƙirƙirar kalmomin da suke rabawaTun: 1995 Kwaikwayon farko na Steels na wakilai da ke ƙirƙirar kalmomi na bai ɗaya

Juyin halittar al’ada

Ƙwarewa, kayan aiki da al’adu da ake kwafi, inganta da rasa cikin tsararraki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa manyan jama’a masu alaƙa mafi kyau ke riƙe fasaha mai sarƙaƙiya?

Yana barin: Yana ɗaukar al’ada kamar kwayoyin halitta da ake ba juna tsakanin mutane, yana rasa yadda ake sake ƙirƙirar ra’ayoyi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon yaɗa halaye a tsararrakiTun: 1981 Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman's models of cultural transmission

Al’ummomin wakilai na samfurin harshe

Dozin kaɗan na wakilan software da samfurin harshe ke tuƙawa, kowanne da ƙwaƙwalwa da tsare-tsare, suna rayuwa a ƙaramin gari da aka kwaikwaya suna samar da halin zamantakewa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne tsarin zamantakewa ke samuwa idan wakilai suka yi shiri da magana da harshen halitta?

Yana barin: Hali yana fitowa daga horon samfurin harshe, kuma gudanarwa tana buƙatar lissafi mai yawa kuma tana da wuyar maimaitawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁵ FLOPS kimanta kawai Dubban kiran samfuri a kowace ranar kwaikwayoTun: 2023 Generative Agents: interactive simulacra of human behavior (2023) tushe

Samfuran tsarin zamantakewa masu mutane

Samfurin harshe yana samar da al’umma ta mambobi da aka kwaikwaya masu rubuce-rubuce da amsoshi don masu ƙira su gwada dandalin zamantakewa kafin ƙaddamarwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane hali sabuwar al’umma za ta jawo?

Yana barin: Fitarwa tana bambanta tsakanin gudanarwa, kuma masu aikin ɓarna suna kama da na gaske gwargwadon umarni kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai Kiran samfuri da yawa ga kowace al’ummaTun: 2022 Social Simulacra (2022) tushe

Kwaikwayon dandalin zamantakewa na samfurin harshe

Ana cika dandali mai shafin labarai, bin mutane da shawarwari da masu amfani har miliyan ɗaya da samfuri ke tuƙawa, don nazarin yaɗuwar bayanai da bin garke.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya rubuce-rubuce, ra’ayoyi da bayanan ƙarya ke yaɗuwa a dandalin masu amfani da samfuri?

Yana barin: Wakilai sun fi masu amfani na gaske kama da juna sosai, kuma tabbatarwa a duniya ta gaske tana da iyaka.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai Yin hasashe da babban samfuriTun: 2024 OASIS: open agent social interaction simulations with one million agents (2024) tushe

Kwaikwayon madaukin martani na mai ba da shawara

Masu amfani na kwaikwayo da tsarin ba da shawara suna mu’amala a zagaye da yawa don nuna yadda shawarwari ke canza abin da masu amfani ke zaɓa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tsarin shawarwari yana taƙaita abin da mutane suke cinyewa a kan lokaci?

Yana barin: Halin mai amfani samfuri ne da aka tsara, ba fifiko da aka auna ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai Zagaye da ake maimaitawa marasa buƙatar lissafi mai yawaTun: 2017 How algorithmic confounding in recommendation systems increases homogeneity and decreases utility (2017) tushe

Kwaikwayon mai amfani da samfurin harshe don masu ba da shawara

Wakilan samfurin harshe masu bayanan ɗanɗano suna lilo, kimantawa da barin abubuwan da aka ba da shawara don maye gurbin masu amfani a gwajin algorithm na ba da shawara.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya masu amfani za su amsa wani sabon algorithm na ba da shawara?

Yana barin: Ɗanɗanon wakili kimanta ne kawai na ainihin ɗanɗano.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁴ FLOPS kimanta kawai Kiran samfuri da yawa ga kowane mai amfani da aka yi wa kwaikwayoTun: 2023 On generative agents in recommendation (2023) tushe

Yaɗuwar ƙarya da jita-jita

Mutane a gungu suna yanke shawarar raba labari bisa yawan abokan hulɗarsu da suka raba shi, don haka yaɗuwa tana dogara da tsarin hanyar sadarwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane tsarin hanyar sadarwa ke bari labarin ƙarya ya yaɗu?

Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa algorithms na dandamali da dalilan masu rabawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai yaɗuwar hanyar sadarwa a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2018 Toernberg, echo chambers da yaɗuwar bayanan ƙarya: yin samfurin labaran ƙarya a matsayin yaɗuwa mai sarƙaƙiya. tushe

Ƙaura a ƙarƙashin matsin yanayi

Gidaje suna yanke shawarar ko za su bar yanki bisa kuɗin shiga, girgizar yanayi da alaƙar zamantakewa, kuma ana tara kwararar tsakanin yankuna.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Mutane nawa ke ƙaura idan ruwan sama ko kuɗin shigar gona ya faɗi?

Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar ƙa’idojin yanke shawara kuma ƙaura tana da dalilai da yawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁸ FLOPS kimanta kawai gudanarwar wakilai na yanki a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2011 Kniveton and colleagues, agent-based model simulations of future changes in migration flows for Burkina Faso. tushe

Samfuran motsin mutane da ƙaura

Ana hasashen kwararar mutane tsakanin wurare daga yawan jama’a da nisa, ta amfani da ƙa’idodin nau’in nauyi ko radiation.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Mutane nawa ke tafiya tsakanin wurare biyu?

Yana barin: Yana yin watsi da tsadar jigila, iyakoki da bambance-bambancen mutum ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai lissafin matrix na kwarara a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 2012 Simini and colleagues, a universal model for mobility and migration patterns. tushe

Samar da al’umma ta wucin gadi

Ana gina cikakken saitin gidaje da mutane na wucin gadi don dacewa da jimillar sanannu na birni ko ƙasa na gaske, ana ba kowane mutum shekaru, aiki, gida da iyali.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya za mu sami wakilin gaske na kowa a wani yanki ba tare da amfani da ainihin bayanin kowa ba?

Yana barin: Jimillar da ƙidayar jama’a ke bugawa kawai ake daidaitawa, don haka alaƙar da ke tsakanin halaye da ba a auna ba an ƙirƙira ta.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai sa’o’i a kan kwamfutar aiki don ƙasa.Tun: 1996 Beckman, Baggerly and McKay's creation of synthetic baseline populations. tushe

Motsin masu tafiya da taron jama’a

Kowane mai tafiya yana kewaya cikas da sauran mutane ta ƙarfin zamantakewa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina taron jama’a ke toshewa a wannan tasha, kuma ta yaya za mu hana turereniya?

Yana barin: Ainihin taron jama’a suna firgita kuma suna yin ɗabi’a ba tare da tabbaci ba ta hanyoyin da samfuran ƙarfi masu laushi ke rasa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon masu tafiya dubun-dubbaiTun: 1995 Samfurin ƙarfin zamantakewa na Helbing da Molnar na motsin masu tafiya a ƙafa

Motsin rai na taron jama’a da yaɗuwar hali

Yanayi ko aiki kamar firgici, murna ko dariya yana yaɗuwa daga mutum zuwa mutum a cikin taron jama’a mai yawa, da sauri fiye da yadda wani ya yanke shawarar shiga.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ji ko aiki ke yaɗuwa cikin taron baƙi?

Yana barin: Yawanci ana zaton ƙa’idojin yaɗuwa daga bidiyo bayan abin ya faru, ba a auna kai tsaye ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon yaɗuwar yanayin zuciya a cikin taron jama’aTun: 2000 samfuran wakilai na farko na yaɗuwar motsin rai a firgicin taron jama’a

Samfuran aikin gamayya da tipping-point

Kowane mutum yana son shiga ne kawai bayan isassun wasu sun riga sun shiga, don haka sauyin taron jama’a daga shiru zuwa aiki tare yana dogara da gaurayen ƙofofin mutum ɗaya-ɗaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Mutane nawa suke buƙatar yin aiki da farko kafin kowa ya bi?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka ƙofar kowa ta kafu tun da farko, alhali ta gaske tana canzawa da zarar taro ya fara motsi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana gudanar da kwararar ƙofa a cikin jama’aTun: 1978 Samfurin Granovetter na ƙofar ɗabi’ar jama’a

Kiyasin gamayya da hikimar taron jama’a

Zato da yawa masu zaman kansu, kowanne da hayaniya, game da lamba ɗaya, ana haɗa su don ganin yadda matsakaici ya fi kusanci da gaskiya fiye da zaton kowane mutum.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaushe matsakaicin zato da yawa ya fi tambayar ƙwararre ɗaya?

Yana barin: Tasirin matsakaici yana kasawa da zarar zato ɗaya-ɗaya suka daina zama masu zaman kansu.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana gudanar da tarin Monte Carlo na zatoTun: 1907 Francis Galton's analysis of a crowd's guesses at an ox's weight

Samfuran hanyar sadarwa na tara jama’a don zanga-zanga

Mutane suna yanke shawarar shiga zanga-zanga bisa yawan alaƙar zamantakewarsu da suka riga suna zuwa, suna yaɗa shiga ta hanyar sadarwa ba taron jama’a a wuri ɗaya ba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙungiyar zanga-zanga ke girma daga ƙananan mutane masu jajircewa zuwa fitowar jama’a mai yawa?

Yana barin: Yana ɗaukar shiga a matsayin shawarar e-ko-a’a ɗaya, yana rasa ƙananan matakan ainihin sadaukarwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon ɗaukar mutane a hanyar sadarwaTun: 1997 Samfurin hanyar sadarwa na shiga zanga-zanga na Kim da Bearman

Samfurin haɗarin cuta a taron jama’a

Haɗuwar mutane mai yawan gaske ta ɗan lokaci a biki, aikin hajji ko wasan motsa jiki, ana yin samfurinta don ƙiyasta yadda cuta za ta yaɗu da ƙarewa da zarar taron ya watse.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Nawa ƙarin haɗarin cuta haɗa mutane masu yawa haka na 'yan kwanaki ke haifarwa?

Yana barin: Da zarar taron ya watse, bin diddigin inda cututtukan da aka kamu da su ke tafiya na gaba galibi ya fi ƙarfin iko.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon hulɗa a taro ɗayaTun: 1987 samfurin ɓarkewar sankarau a cikin mahajjata a taron jama’a

Samfuran macroeconomic

Dukan tattalin arziki a matsayin wakilan gidaje, kamfanoni, bankuna da babban banki masu mayar da martani ga juna.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke faruwa da ayyuka da farashi idan kuɗin ruwa ya tashi?

Yana barin: Samfuran gida wakilai na iya rasa motsi daga rashin daidaito.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tebur ko ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci yana warware samfurin macroeconomic na tsariTun: 1955 Samfurin macroeconometric na kwamfuta na farko na Klein da Goldberger

Tattalin arziki na wakilai

Dubban gidaje, kamfanoni da bankuna ɗaiɗai suna saye, sayarwa, ba da rance da faɗuwa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya rikice-rikice ke farawa daga ɗabi’a ta yau da kullum?

Yana barin: Mai yin samfuri ne yake zaɓar ƙa’idojin halin wakilai, ba a auna su daga mutane ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon dubban gidaje da kamfanoni masu mu’amalaTun: 1993 samfuran tattalin arziki na farko na lissafin wakilai a Santa Fe Institute

Kasuwannin kuɗi

Masu kasuwanci da dabaru daban-daban suna sanya oda a kasuwar kwaikwayo.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Daga ina rushewa da kumfa ke fitowa?

Yana barin: Ainihin kasuwanni suna da ƙa’ida, labarai da al’amura da ba kasafai ba da ƙa’idojin ciniki na wasa ke bari.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon dabarun ciniki da yawa suna mu’amalaTun: 1994 Kasuwar hannun jari ta wucin gadi ta Santa Fe ta Palmer, Arthur da abokan aikinsu tusheA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Kasuwar hannayen jari ta wucin gadi

Haɗarin kuɗi

Dubban makoma masu yiwuwa na jakar kuɗi, banki ko kamfanin inshora.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya girman asarar sau ɗaya cikin shekara ɗari?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka makoma tana kama da abin da ya wuce a ƙididdiga, wanda yake rushewa a rikici.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na banki ko kamfanin inshora yana gudanar da miliyoyin yanayin Monte CarloTun: 1994 karɓar farko na samfuran Monte Carlo value-at-risk na ƙungiyoyin sarrafa haɗari

Tsarin kasuwa da gwanjo

Masu tayi masu dabaru suna gasa a ƙarƙashin ƙa’idojin gwanjo daban-daban.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane saitin ƙa’idodi ke samun farashi mafi adalci da ƙarancin yaudara?

Yana barin: Masu yin tayi na gaske ba koyaushe suke yin ɗabi’a cikin hankali kamar yadda dabarun ke ɗauka ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gwada dabarun tayin farashi a ƙa’idojin gwanjoTun: 1961 Ka’idar gwanjo ta Vickrey, daga baya an gwada ta da kwaikwayo da gwaji

Al’ummomi na wucin gadi

Wakilai suna tarawa, ciniki da haifuwa a yanayin ƙasa na albarkatu, daga ciki ake samun rabon arziki da ciniki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Waɗanne ƙa’idodi masu sauƙi ne suka isa wajen bunƙasa manyan siffofin al’umma?

Yana barin: Ƙa’idodi masu sauƙi na iya girma tsarin da ke kama da na gaske saboda dalilin da ba daidai ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da tattalin arzikin yanki na wakilaiTun: 1996 Epstein and Axtell's Sugarscape modelA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Sugarscape

Kwaikwayon manufofin tattalin arziki da AI ta tsara

Wakilan koyo suna aiki a matsayin ma’aikata a tattalin arzikin kwaikwayo yayin da mai tsarawa da aka horar ke neman manufar haraji da ke daidaita daidaito da yawan aiki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace ƙa’idar haraji ce wakilai masu koyo da mai tsara suke haɗuwa a kai?

Yana barin: Ainihin mutane sun bambanta da wakilan koyo, kuma tsarin tattalin arziki mai sauƙi ne.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁵ FLOPS kimanta kawai Koyon ƙarfafawa a mizaniTun: 2020 The AI Economist (2020) tushe

Na’urorin kwaikwayon musaya na wakilai

Kasuwar hannun jari da aka kwaikwaya mai cikakken littafin oda da saƙonni masu lokaci inda wakilan ciniki, har da masu koyo, suke mu’amala.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya dabarar ciniki ko sauyin ƙa’ida zai shafi kasuwa?

Yana barin: Halin wakilai an sauƙaƙa shi, kuma tasirin kasuwa yana da wuyar daidaitawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai Gudun dubban wakilai da abubuwan da suke faruwa ke tuƙawaTun: 2019 ABIDES: towards high-fidelity market simulation for AI research (2019) tushe

Samfuran kasuwar gidaje bisa wakilai

Gidaje masu kuɗin shiga, bankuna masu ƙa’idojin bayar da rance da ƙayyadaddun gidaje suna mu’amala don nuna yadda bashi da ƙaruwar rance ke canza farashi da gazawar biya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya ƙa’idojin bayar da rance ke haifar da bunƙasa da rugujewar gidaje?

Yana barin: Ɗabi’ar gidaje ta dogara ne da ƙa’ida kuma bayanan ba su da cikakken bayani sosai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai ɗaruruwan dubban wakilai a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2012 Geanakoplos and colleagues, getting at systemic risk via an agent-based model of the housing market. tushe

Samfuran dynamic stochastic general equilibrium

Wakilin gida da kamfani suna zaɓa a kan lokaci ƙarƙashin girgiza ta bazuwar, ana amfani da samfurin don gano yadda irin waɗannan hargitsi da manufofi suke shafar tattalin arziki.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tattalin arziki ke amsawa ga girgiza ko sauyin kuɗin ruwa?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka wakilai masu hankali kuma ba zai iya samar da rikice-rikice cikin sauƙi ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai kimantawar perturbation ko Bayesian a kan laptop.Tun: 1982 Kydland and Prescott, time to build and aggregate fluctuations. tushe

Samfuran bala’i na inshora

Ana amfani da dubban guguwa, girgiza ko ambaliya na kwaikwayo a jakar dukiya don ƙiyasta asarar da kamfanin inshora zai iya fuskanta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene asarar da ake zarta sau ɗaya a cikin shekara 200?

Yana barin: Matsanancin al’amura da ba kasafai ba suna dogara da gajerun bayanai kuma ana kimanta raunin gine-gine.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai manyan kundin al’amura a kan gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 1972 Friedman, insurance and the natural hazards. tushe

Yaɗuwar matsalar kuɗi a hanyoyin sadarwar tsakanin banki

Ana girgiza bankuna da aka haɗa ta lamuni, ana bin kasawar da take yaɗuwa daga ɗaya zuwa na gaba don auna haɗarin tsarin.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya nisa faɗuwar banki ɗaya ke yaɗuwa a cikin tsarin?

Yana barin: Ana ganin fallasa a ɓangare kawai kuma ana ɗaukar halin banki a matsayin wanda ba ya canzawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai algorithms na daidaita kasuwa (clearing) a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2001 Eisenberg and Noe, systemic risk in financial systems. tushe

Samfuran musayar dukiya ta kinetic

Wakilai suna musayar adadin kuɗi na bazuwar biyu-biyu kamar ƙwayoyin iskar gas masu karo, kuma rabon arziki yana bayyana.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin musaya mai sauƙi ta bazuwar tana samar da rashin daidaiton da aka lura?

Yana barin: Ƙa’idodin musaya suna watsi da samarwa, bashi da cibiyoyi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon miliyoyin musanya a kan laptop.Tun: 2000 Dragulescu and Yakovenko, statistical mechanics of money. tushe

Samfuran tasirin bala’i a tattalin arziki

Samfurin shigarwa-fitarwa na yadda masana’antu suke samar wa juna ana bugunsa da asarar iyawa bayan bala’i, ƙarancin yana ratsa sarƙar kaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene jimillar kuɗin tattalin arziki idan bala’i ya dakatar da wasu masana’antu?

Yana barin: Ƙayyadaddun ƙididdigar fasaha suna ƙara tauri kuma suna watsi da kamfanoni da suke canza masu samarwa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai samfuran matrix a kan laptop.Tun: 2008 Hallegatte, an adaptive regional input-output model applied to the economic cost of Katrina. tushe

Samfuran wakilai na kasuwar wutar lantarki

Masu samarwa suna yin tayi a kasuwa akai-akai, suna koyo daga riba, kuma tsarin farashi yana nuna yadda ƙa’idodi suke shafar sakamako.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ƙa’idojin gwanjo suna kai ga ƙarancin farashi ko tayi na haɗin baki?

Yana barin: An ɗauka ƙa’idojin koyo na kamfanoni.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon gwanjo da aka maimaita a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2001 Bower and Bunn, experimental analysis of the efficiency of uniform-price versus discriminatory auctions. tushe

Samfuran annoba da tattalin arziki da aka haɗa

Ana haɗa samfurin annoba da samfurin tattalin arziki, don kamuwa ya rage aiki da kashe kuɗi, kuma zaɓin tattalin arziki ya canza yaɗuwarta.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Menene sasantawa tsakanin rayukan da aka ceta da samarwar da aka rasa?

Yana barin: Ana ɗaukar hali a matsayin mai hankali kuma iri ɗaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai ingantawa mai canzawa a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 2020 Eichenbaum, Rebelo and Trabandt, the macroeconomics of epidemics. tushe

Samfuran kasuwa na flash-crash

Nau’ikan wakilan ciniki da dama, har da masu sayarwa masu sauri na atomatik da masu siye masu jinkiri na asali, suna mu’amala a samfurin kasuwar futures don nuna yadda faɗuwar farashi kwatsam ke iya ginuwa da murmurewa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin babban odar sayarwa da ƙarancin masu saye (liquidity) kaɗai za su iya jawo faɗuwar farashi a kasuwa baki ɗaya?

Yana barin: Dabarun wakilan masu sauƙi ne da ke tsayawa a madadin kamfanoni na gaske waɗanda algorithms ɗinsu sirri ne, don haka labarin da yake bayarwa abin yarda ne amma ba a tabbatar ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai sa’o’i a kan gungun kwamfutoci don tarin ranakun ciniki.Tun: 2012 Samfurin wakilai na kasuwar futures ta E-Mini S&P 500 na Paddrik da abokan aikinsa da aka yi amfani da shi kan faɗuwar kasuwa ta 2010. tushe

Haɗin baki na farashin algorithm

Ana sanya shirye-shiryen farashi da ke koyo daga sakamakon sayarwa a kasuwar kwaikwayo don ganin ko za su iya cajin farashi mai tsada tare ba tare da sun taɓa magana ba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin masu sayarwa masu zaman kansu da ke amfani da algorithms masu koyo za su iya kiyaye farashi sama da matakan gasa?

Yana barin: Kasuwannin ƙanana ne, tare da ‘yan kamfanoni da kaya iri ɗaya, kuma kamfanoni na gaske suna amfani da ƙarin bayani da ƙira.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin zagaye da aka maimaita a kan kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2019 Calvano, Calzolari, Denicolò and Pastorello's study of AI algorithmic pricing and collusion. tushe

Wakilan macroeconomic na samfurin harshe

Wakilan samfurin harshe suna aiki a matsayin gidaje da kamfanoni a tattalin arzikin kwaikwayo, suna yanke shawara da kalmomi kan nawa za su yi aiki, kashewa da ajiya, kuma ana auna jimillar fitarwa da hauhawar farashi.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wakilan da suke tunani da harshe suna sake haifar da tsarin ainihin macroeconomies?

Yana barin: Halin wakilan yana fitowa daga rubutun da suka koya kuma yana iya nuna abin da mutane ke rubutawa game da tattalin arziki ba yadda suke aiki ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai miliyoyin kiran samfuri don wakilai ɗari a tsawon shekaru goma-goma na lokacin kwaikwayo.Tun: 2023 EconAgent na Li da abokan aikinsa, wakilan samfurin harshe don kwaikwayon ayyukan macroeconomic. tushe

Al’ummomin da suka wuce da aka sake gina

Gidajen manoma na al’umma ta da, suna rayuwa a ƙasa ta kwaikwayo da aka sake ginawa daga bayanan yanayi da ƙasa, kamar ƙauyukan ancestral Puebloan na Kudu-maso-Yammacin Amurka.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa aka zauna a wannan kwari, kuma me ya sa aka bar shi?

Yana barin: Yana dogara da sake gina yanayi da amfanin gona da suke da manyan rashin tabbaci nasu.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana gudanar da ƙarni na gidaje da aka kwaikwayaTun: 2002 Axtell, Epstein, Dean, Gumerman and colleagues’ model of the Kayenta Anasazi in Long House Valley tusheA bishiyar kwaikwayo: Artificial Anasazi

Watsuwar ɗan adam

Al’ummomin ɗan Adam na farko suna bazuwa a nahiyoyi yayin da yanayi da bakin teku suke canzawa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaushe kuma ta wace hanyoyi mutane suka isa kowace nahiya?

Yana barin: Hanyoyi da kwanaki suna dogara da yanayi da kimantawar kwayoyin halitta da ke ci gaba da canzawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon yaɗuwar al’umma a nahiyoyiTun: 2008 Zuwa 2008, kwaikwayo na farko na wakilai na ƙaurar ɗan Adam daga Afirka

Tattalin arzikin masu farauta da tara

Ƙungiyoyi suna neman abinci, motsa sansani da raba abinci.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa raba abinci ya zama gama-gari a masu farauta?

Yana barin: Bayanan ethnographic daga ƙungiyoyi kaɗan da suka tsira suna tsayawa a madadin bambancin da ya fi faɗi na da.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon yanke shawarar neman abinci da rabawa na ƙungiyaTun: 1994 samfuran wakilai na farko na shawarar raba abinci na masu neman abinci

Ciniki da musaya na da

Matsugunai da aka haɗa da hanyoyi da hanyoyin teku, tare da kaya da ra’ayoyi suna motsawa tsakaninsu.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya obsidian, tukwane ko tunani suka yi tafiya mai nisa haka?

Yana barin: Kayayyakin tarihi da suka rage ƙaramin samfuri ne kuma karkatacce na duk abin da ya motsa da gaske.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana yin samfurin musaya a hanyar sadarwar matsugunaiTun: 2007 Zuwa 2007, samfuran hanyar sadarwa na farko na hanyoyin ciniki na zamanin Romawa

Microsimulation na alƙaluma

Al’umma ta roba tana rayuwar haihuwa, abokan zama, ƙaura da mutuwa, shekara bayan shekara.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya yawan jama’a zai tsufa, kuma me hakan ke nufi ga fansho da kulawa?

Yana barin: Kurakurai a yiwuwar abubuwan rayuwa ɗaya-ɗaya suna taruwa a kan juna a tsawon rayuwar da aka kwaikwaya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹³ FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana kwaikwayon abubuwan rayuwar al’ummar robaTun: 1957 Ginin asali na Orcutt na samfurin microsimulation na yawan jama’ar Amurka

Gina abin tarihi da sake gina injiniya

Nauyin gini, aiki da jigilar abu na da, ana gwada su ta kwaikwayon hanyoyin gini da za a iya yi a kan abin da ragowar zahiri za su iya da ba za su iya ɗauka ba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wannan abin tarihi zai iya kasancewa an gina shi yadda al’ada ko babbar ka’ida take faɗa?

Yana barin: Hanyoyin gini da dama masu gasa sau da yawa suna dacewa da shaidar da ta rage daidai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin tsarin gini da sufuri da jigilar ma’aikataTun: 1997 kwaikwayon farko da ke gwada yadda ramps na ginin dala na Masar za su iya aiki

Kwaikwayon mutum-ɗaya-ɗaya na haraji da tallafi

Canjin haraji ko fa’idodi da aka ba da shawara an yi amfani da shi a kan babban samfurin gidaje na gaske.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane ke ci da wane ke asara daga wannan canji, kuma nawa?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka mutane ba sa canza hali don amsa manufar, wanda wani lokaci suna yi.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹² FLOPS kimanta kawai gungun kwamfutoci na jami’a yana amfani da ƙa’idoji a kan babban samfurin gidajeTun: 1976 DYNASIM na Orcutt da abokan aikinsa, microsimulation na manufar harajin Amurka

Samfuran duniya

Yawan jama’a, abinci, masana’antu, albarkatu da gurɓata a matsayin ajiya da madaukai na martani a mizanin duniya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ke faruwa da duniya mai ƙarancin albarkatu ƙarƙashin ci gaba da girma?

Yana barin: Ƙaramin tarin kaya na duniya yana ɓoye duk bambancin yanki da na ƙasa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware samfurin kaya da kwarara na duniyaTun: 1971 Forrester’s World2, published in World Dynamics; World3 for The Limits to Growth followed in 1972 tusheA bishiyar kwaikwayo: World3

Ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin aiki

Membobi, matsaloli da shawarwari suna motsawa a cikin ƙungiya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa ƙungiyoyi ke yanke shawarar da suke yankewa?

Yana barin: Ainihin siyasar ƙungiya da halin mutum suna da wuyar rage su zuwa ƙa’idodin yanke shawara.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon yanke shawara da ke motsawa ta ƙungiyaTun: 1963 Cyert and March's simulation models of organisational decision-making

Computable general equilibrium modelling

Masana’antu, gidaje da gwamnatin dukan tattalin arziki da aka sake ginawa a matsayin tsarin kasuwanni da dole ne su daidaita gaba ɗaya a lokaci guda, sannan a girgiza da haraji ko manufar ciniki don ganin inda farashi da fitarwa suke zama.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya tattalin arziki gaba ɗaya ke daidaita kansa bayan wannan sauyin manufa?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka kasuwanni suna zama a sabon daidaito da tsabta, yana watsi da sauyi mara tsari a aikace.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai ƙaramin gungun kwamfutoci yana warware babban tsarin lissafin daidaita kasuwaTun: 1972 Samfurin daidaito na gaba ɗaya da aka yi amfani da shi na manufar haraji na Shoven da Whalley

Samfurin cin hanci da amincin hukumomi

Jami’ai da ’yan ƙasa suna yanke shawarar ko za su ba da cin hanci, kai rahoto ko bin ƙa’ida, kowanne yana amsa yadda cin hanci ya riga ya zama ruwan dare da yadda yiwuwar kama shi yake.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa cin hanci ya kasance ba kasafai ba a wasu cibiyoyi kuma ya zama ɗabi’a a wasu?

Yana barin: Ainihin cin hanci ana ɓoye shi da gangan, don haka lambobin da ke ciyar da samfurin kimantawa ne kawai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin bin doka na wakilaiTun: 2002 samfuran wakilai na farko na yadda cin hanci yake yaɗuwa a cikin cibiya

Samfuran hanyar sadarwa na yaɗuwar manufa

Karɓar doka ko shiri na gwamnati ɗaya yana yaɗuwa zuwa wasu ta hanyar alaƙar da ke tsakaninsu, ko maƙwabta, abokan ciniki ko hanyoyin sadarwar sana’a da aka raba.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa wasu gwamnatoci ke kwafar manufa da sauri, wasu kuma ba sa ɗaukar ta kwata-kwata?

Yana barin: Kwafar manufa a takarda ya fi sauƙin yin samfuri fiye da ko tana aiki iri ɗaya a wani wuri.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana kwaikwayon karɓuwa a hanyar sadarwar gwamnatociTun: 1990 Zuwa 1990, samfuran hanyar sadarwa na farko na yaɗuwar manufofi tsakanin gwamnatoci

Ƙungiyoyin wakilai na samfurin harshe

Wakilan samfurin harshe suna ɗaukar matsayi kamar manaja, mai shirye-shirye da mai gwaji suna haɗin gwiwa don samar da software.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin ƙungiyar wakilai masu taka rawa za ta iya aiwatar da aikin ƙungiya na matakai da yawa?

Yana barin: Fitarwa tana dogara da umarni, kuma ainihin gogayyar ƙungiyar ɗan adam ba ta nan.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁴ FLOPS kimanta kawai Kiran samfuri da yawa ga kowane aikiTun: 2023 ChatDev: communicative agents for software development (2023) tushe

Wakilan tattaunawa masu tushen harshe

Wakilai suna haɗa samfurin harshe da tsara dabaru don yin ciniki da kafa ƙawance a wasa na ’yan wasa da yawa ta yin magana da juna.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin wakili zai iya lallashe da tsarawa da mutane a tattaunawa buɗaɗɗiya?

Yana barin: Ƙa’idojin wasa ɗaya kawai, kuma ba zai iya tunani game da amana ta dogon lokaci ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁶ FLOPS kimanta kawai Babban horo da tsarawa a lokacin wasaTun: 2022 Human-level play in the game of Diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning (2022) tushe

Tsarin motsi na annobar opioid

Adadin masu amfani da magani, masu cin zarafinsa, masu amfani da heroin da matattu suna da alaƙa ta martani da maɓallan manufa kamar iyakance wadata da magani.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane gauraya na manufofi ke rage mutuwar opioid?

Yana barin: Samar da haramtattun abubuwa yana canzawa da sauri fiye da yadda samfura ke daidaitawa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁵ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon ajiya-da-kwarara a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 2013 Wakeland da abokan aiki, yin samfurin tasirin tsoma bakin ilimi na kwaikwayo kan amfani da opioid na magunguna. tushe

Samfurin bincike a ƙarƙashin zurfin rashin tabbas

Ana gudanar da samfuri a kan dubban haɗin abubuwan da ba a sani ba da manufofi, don nemo dabarun da suke da ƙarfi maimakon mafi kyau ga hasashe ɗaya.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wace manufa ake yarda da ita a kan mafi faɗin tazarar makomai?

Yana barin: Tazarar makomai da ake bincika har yanzu mai nazari ne ke zaɓa.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai tarin gudun samfurin tushe a gungun kwamfutoci.Tun: 1993 Bankes, exploratory modelling for policy analysis. tushe

Motsin sarƙoƙin kaya da tasirin bullwhip

Oda da kayan ajiya suna gudana ta masana’anta, mai rarrabawa da mai sayarwa tare da jinkiri, kuma ƙananan canje-canje a buƙata suna girma zuwa manyan sauye-sauye a sama.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Me ya sa ƙananan canje-canjen buƙata ke haifar da manyan jujjuyawar oda a sama?

Yana barin: Ainihin kamfanoni suna amsa bayanai da samfurin ya bari.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁵ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwaikwayon ajiya-da-kwarara a kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka.Tun: 1958 Forrester, industrial dynamics: a major breakthrough for decision makers. tushe

Kwaikwayon zaɓe da tsarin kaɗa ƙuri’a

Saitin masu zaɓe da ‘yan takara iri ɗaya ana gudanar da su ta ƙa’idodin zaɓe daban-daban, kamar mafi rinjaye, zaɓi mai matsayi ko tsarin gwargwado, don kwatanta wanda zai ci da gaske.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin tsarin zaɓe daban zai canza wanda ya ci wannan zaɓe?

Yana barin: Yana ɗauka fifikon masu zaɓe yana tsayawa kafaffe, ko da yake tsari daban zai canza yadda mutane suke kaɗa ƙuri’a.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da zaɓe a ƙarƙashin ƙa’idojin kaɗa ƙuri’a daban-dabanTun: 1975 kwaikwayon kwamfuta na farko da ke kwatanta sakamakon ƙa’idodin kaɗa ƙuri’a daban-daban

Kwaikwayon kotu da kwararar shari’o’i

Shari’o’i suna zuwa, suna jiran sauraro suna motsawa ta matakan tsarin kotu, ana amfani da su don ganin inda taruwa take faruwa da abin da ƙarin alƙalai ko ɗakunan kotu za su yi mata.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Har yaushe za a ɗauka kafin a share tarin shari’o’in wannan kotu, kuma me zai gaggauta shi a gaske?

Yana barin: Rikitarwar ainihin shari’a da shawarar ɗan adam suna bambanta fiye da yadda samfurin jerin gwano ya ɗauka.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin discrete-event na kwararar shari’o’iTun: 1976 kwaikwayon discrete-event na farko na taruwar shari’o’in kotun Amurka

Samfurin haɗarin hukunci da sake aikata laifi

Ana gudanar da tarihin mutum da aka naɗa ta samfurin ƙididdiga da yake ba da maki yiwuwar sake aikata laifi, ana amfani da shi don sanar da shawarar yafe, beli ko hukunci.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya yiwuwar wannan mutum zai sake laifi, bisa mutane masu irin tarihin?

Yana barin: Maki da aka gina daga ƙididdigar rukuni zai iya zama kuskure ga mutum ɗaya da ake amfani da shi a kansa, ta kowace hanya.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹¹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana daidaita samfurin haɗari da bayanan shari’o’iTun: 1928 Burgess's actuarial scale predicting parole success, an early risk model

Kwaikwayon tura sintiri da sintirin ’yan sanda

Raka’o’in sintiri da abubuwan da aka ruwaito a birni, ana amfani da su don gwada yadda hanyoyi daban-daban na ba jami’ai yankuna ke canza lokutan amsawa da rufewa.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Ina ya kamata a tura sintiri don rage lokutan amsa mafi yawa?

Yana barin: Tsoffin bayanan laifi na iya ɗauke da son zuciya na baya game da inda aka tura jami’ai.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana gudanar da samfurin jerin jira na tura sintiriTun: 1972 Samfurin hypercube queuing na Larson don tura sintirin ’yan sanda

Kwaikwayon ciniki na majalisa da haɗin gwiwar jam’iyyu

Jam’iyyu masu matsayi a sararin manufa suna tattaunawa da kafa haɗin gwiwa don zartar da doka ko kafa gwamnati, ta amfani da ƙa’idojin wanda ke ba da shawara da wanda dole ya yarda.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Wane haɗin gwiwa ne zai samu da gaske, kuma wane sulhu zai ƙare a kai?

Yana barin: Ainihin haɗin gwiwa yana samuwa a kewayen mutane da tarihi da samfurin sarari ya bari.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10¹⁰ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar aiki ta tebur tana warware samfurin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa na sarariTun: 1980 kwaikwayon farko na kaɗa ƙuri’a ta sarari da kafa haɗin gwiwa a majalisu

Kwaikwayon yanke hukunci na juri

Masu yanke hukunci (juri) ɗaya-ɗaya masu ra’ayoyi na farko daban-daban, suna tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin ƙa’idoji kamar rinjaye ko yarjejeniya baki ɗaya, don ganin wane hukunci da nawa rarrashi ƙungiyar ke samarwa a ƙarshe.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Shin hukunci yana nuna ƙarfin shaida, ko kawai dynamics na tattaunawa?

Yana barin: Juri na dakin gwaji da ke yanke shari’o’in jabu ƙila ba za su yi ɗabi’a kamar ainihin juri masu fuskantar sakamako mai nauyi na gaske ba.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁹ FLOPS kimanta kawai kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka tana gudanar da samfurin tattaunawa na tsarin yanke shawara na zamantakewaTun: 1983 Davis and colleagues' social decision-scheme models of jury deliberation

Dynamics na wuraren laifi masu zafi

Masu laifi suna motsawa a cikin birni kuma wuraren da aka yi laifi a baya suna jawo su, suna haifar da wurare masu zafi waɗanda ke girma, motsawa da amsa ga sintiri.

Tambayar da yake amsawa: Yaya wuraren zafi ke samuwa kuma za a iya motsa su ta sintiri?

Yana barin: An sauƙaƙa dalilan masu laifi kuma rahoton laifi ba cikakke ba ne.

Yana gudana a: kusan 10⁷ FLOPS kimanta kawai birni na wakilai yana gudana a kwamfutar aiki.Tun: 2008 Short and colleagues, a statistical model of criminal behaviour. tushe