Gwaje-gwaje · za mu iya gane daga ciki?

Za ka iya gano kwaikwayo ne kawai idan ya yanke kusurwa da kimiyyar lissafi ba ta yanke ba. Hakan na iya zama raga a inda sarari ya kamata ya zama santsi, cikakken bayani da ke bayyana kawai idan an auna, ko kwamfuta da ta yi ƙanƙanta ga abin da take tafiyarwa. Babu gwajin da ya ba da rahoton irin wannan alama. Kowane awo zuwa yanzu ya sanya iyaka maimakon haka. Kowane shigarwa a ƙasa yana faɗin abin da aka gwada ko aka yi hujja a kai, abin da ya biyo baya, wane maɓalli na Filin gwaji ya shafa, da abin da ba ya nunawa.

An gudanar, ba a sami komai ba

Awo da za su iya nuna alamar duniya da aka lissafa. Babu wanda ya nuna. Kowanne ya sanya iyaka maimakon haka. Mai kwaikwayo mai hankali shi ma zai ba da sakamako marar komai. Don haka waɗannan iyakoki suna fitar da wasu ƙirar kwaikwayo, ba hasashen gabaɗaya ba.

Binciken Holometer na Fermilab don hayaniyar da ke da alaƙa a ma’aunin Planck

Interferometers biyu na Michelson masu sake amfani da ƙarfi na 39-40 m sun zauna gefe da gefe, an haɗa su har zuwa 25 MHz. Sun nemi hayaniyar wuri mai alaƙa irin ta sarari, wadda samfurin Hogan na lokaci-sarari mai holographic/quantum-geometric ke hasashe.

Sakamako. Interferometers sun kai azanci ƙasa da lokacin Planck ɗaya a strain power spectral density. Ba su ga hayaniya mai alaƙa ba. Ƙungiyar tana ba da rahoton cewa samfurin asali na Hogan an fitar da shi a babban muhimmancin ƙididdiga. Binciken ƙarshe kuma yana iyakance bambance-bambancen shear-noise.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Yana fitar da takamaiman samfuran alaƙar hayaniya na geometry na quantum. Ba ya fitar da yankewa ko kwaikwayo gabaɗaya. Hogan ya lura irin wannan hayaniya na iya zama ƙarama da ba za a gano ba, ko ta bayyana a saiti da babu wanda ya bincika.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Holometer Collaboration: Chou, A. S. et al. (2016). First measurements of high frequency cross-spectra from a pair of large Michelson interferometers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 111102. arXiv:1512.01216.; Holometer Collaboration: Chou, A. et al. (2017). Interferometric constraints on quantum geometrical shear noise correlations. Class. Quantum Grav. 34, 165005. arXiv:1703.08503.; Fermilab News (3 Dec 2015). Holometer rules out first theory of space-time correlations.

Iyakokin lokacin tafiyar photon na karya Lorentz: Fermi GRB 090510

Yana kwatanta lokutan isowar photons har zuwa kusan 31 GeV daga ɗan gajeren fashewar gamma-ray mai nisa. Gwajin na saurin haske ne da ke dogara ga ƙarfi, wanda wasu lokaci-sarari masu yankewa ko na nauyi na quantum suke hasashe.

Sakamako. Ba su sami jinkiri da ke dogara ga ƙarfi ba. Ga dogaro mai layi, an iyakance nauyin quantum-gravity zuwa M_QG > 1.2 E_Planck (Abdo et al. 2009, Nature 462, 331). Binciken da ya biyo baya na fashewa ɗaya ya iyakance samfurin ‘rashin tsabtar lokaci-sarari’ na bazuwar zuwa ma’auni sama da 2.8 E_Planck (95% amincewa) da 1.6 E_Planck (99%).

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Yana aiki ne kawai ga samfura da ke hasashen saurin photon da ke dogara ga ƙarfi. Lokaci-sarari mai yankewa wanda ke riƙe daidaiton Lorentz a matsakaici, ko wanda tasirinsa quadratic ne ko ƙasa, iyakar linear ba ta fitar da shi ba.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Abdo, A. A. et al. (Fermi LAT and GBM Collaborations) (2009). A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects. Nature 462, 331-334.; Vasileiou, V., Granot, J., Piran, T. & Amelino-Camelia, G. (2015). A Planck-scale limit on spacetime fuzziness and stochastic Lorentz invariance violation. Nature Physics 11, 344-346.

Iyakokin karya Lorentz daga GRB 221009A (bayanan LHAASO)

Binciken lokacin tafiya na photons na TeV daga fashewar gamma-ray mafi haske da aka taɓa gani. Yana amfani da bayanan LHAASO na jama’a a tazarar 0.2-7 TeV.

Sakamako. Piran & Ofengeim: ga dogaro mai layi (n=1) da ƙarfi, ƙananan iyakokin ma’aunin LIV su ne ƙarfin Planck 5.9 (subluminal) da 6.2 (superluminal). Ga quadratic (n=2), su ne 5.8 da 4.6 × 10^-8 E_Planck, mafi kyawun iyakokin lokacin tafiya na wannan tsari. Yang, Bi & Yin suna ba da ƙima daban-daban, saboda hanyarsu ta bambanta. Misali, n=1 subluminal yana ba da E_QG > 14.7 × 10¹⁹ GeV, ta amfani da afterglow na LHAASO.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Iyakokin sun dogara ga hanyar bincike da zato game da yadda tushe ke fitarwa. Suna iyakance yadda photons ke tafiya a ƙarfi daban-daban. Ba su gaya mana ko lokaci-sarari yana yankewa ba.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Piran, T. & Ofengeim, D. D. (2024). Lorentz invariance violation limits from GRB 221009A. Phys. Rev. D 109, L081501. arXiv:2308.03031.; Yang, Y.-M., Bi, X.-J. & Yin, P.-F. (2024). Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation from the LHAASO observation of GRB 221009A. JCAP 04 (2024) 060. arXiv:2312.09079.

Iyakoki daga kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi

Hujjoji daga kimiyyar lissafi da aka sani ko ka’idar lissafi game da abin da zai ɗauka a kwaikwayon wannan sararin samaniya.

Beane, Davoudi & Savage: tazarar raga daga cosmic rays

Yana ɗauka sararin samaniya kwaikwayon lambobi ne a kan raga mai siffar cube ta lokaci-sarari (unimproved Wilson fermions, kamar lattice QCD na farko). Sannan yana lissafa abin da za mu iya gani, har da karyewar daidaiton juyawa a cikin mafi ƙarfin cosmic rays.

Sakamako. Iyakarsu mafi ƙarfi ita ce tazarar raga ta juyi sama da kusan 10¹¹ GeV. Wato tazara ƙasa da kusan 2 × 10^-27 m. Ta fito ne daga yankewar ƙarfi mai girma na cosmic-ray spectrum. Raga kuma za ta sa mafi ƙarfin cosmic rays su isa tare da axes ɗinta sau da yawa. Babu wanda ya ba da rahoton hakan.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Yana iyakance samfuri ɗaya ne, raga mai cube mai discretisation irin na Wilson. Ba ya fitar da wasu discretisations, ragogi masu laushi ko hanyoyin da ba raga ba. Kuma ba ya ba da rahoton gano komai.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Beane, S. R., Davoudi, Z. & Savage, M. J. (2014). Constraints on the Universe as a numerical simulation. Eur. Phys. J. A 50, 148. arXiv:1210.1847.

Ringel & Kovrizhin: martanin nauyi da matsalar alama

Marubutan sun nuna cewa martanin nauyi da aka ƙididdige (kamar thermal Hall conductance a fractional quantum Hall phases) yana toshe sign-free quantum Monte Carlo na gida ga wasu tsarin bosonic. Hakan yana nuna wasu tsarin quantum suna tsayayya da kwaikwayon Monte Carlo na gargajiya mai inganci.

Sakamako. Sakamakon yana game da wakilcin sign-free QMC na takamaiman matakan condensed-matter. Takardar ba ta game da hasashen kwaikwayo ba ce. Rahotannin jama’a sun yi da’awar ta nuna cewa ba mu cikin kwaikwayo. Masu sharhi sun ƙi hakan.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Ba ya nuna sararin samaniya ba za a iya kwaikwayonsa ba. Yana rufe aji ɗaya na algorithm na gargajiya. Ba hujjar wahalar ka’idar sarƙaƙiyar lissafi ta tsari ba ce. Kuma mai kwaikwayo da aka gina a kan kwamfutar quantum ba abin ya shafa ba (Aaronson, 2017).

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Ringel, Z. & Kovrizhin, D. L. (2017). Quantized gravitational responses, the sign problem, and quantum complexity. Science Advances 3(9), e1701758. (arXiv:1704.03880, earlier title 'Quantized gravitational responses and the sign problem'); Aaronson, S. (3 Oct 2017). Because you asked: the Simulation Hypothesis has not been falsified; remains unfalsifiable. Shtetl-Optimized.

Vazza: kasafin ƙarfi da bayani na astrophysical

Yana amfani da iyakar holographic da ƙa’idar Landauer don kiyasin ƙarfin da ake buƙata don rubuta yanayin sararin samaniyar da ake gani, na Duniya a ƙudurin Planck, da na Duniya a ƙuduri mafi ƙarancin laushi da lura da neutrino masu ƙarfi ya saita.

Sakamako. Rubuta sararin samaniyar da ake gani zai buƙaci kusan bits 3.5 × 10¹²⁴ da 8.9 × 10¹⁰¹ J. Sararin samaniyar da ake iya gani yana ɗauke da kusan 2.7 × 10⁷¹ J. Duniya a ƙudurin Planck tana buƙatar kusan 3.0 × 10⁵² J. Duniya a mafi ƙarancin ƙuduri da lura da neutrino masu ƙarfi ya ba da dama (kusan 10^-23 m) tana buƙatar kusan 4.3 × 10²⁸ J. Wannan ƙarfi yana wanzuwa a ƙa’ida, amma ba a gudun da kwaikwayo mai gudana yake buƙata ba. Ƙarshe: sararin samaniya mai kimiyyar lissafinmu ba zai iya kwaikwayon wannan ba. Lambobin daga preprint ne (arXiv v1).

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Ba ya rufe masu kwaikwayo masu wata kimiyyar lissafi, ko kwaikwayo da ke nuna abin da masu kallo ke buƙata kawai. Sharhin Frontiers na 2026 (Edge & Brown) yana cewa takardar tana nufin sigar da ta fi ƙarfi, ta duniya da aka raba, fiye da da’awar Bostrom.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Vazza, F. (2025). Astrophysical constraints on the simulation hypothesis for this Universe: why it is (nearly) impossible that we live in a simulation. Frontiers in Physics 13, 1561873. arXiv:2504.08461.; Edge, E. & Brown, C. A. (2026). Commentary: Astrophysical constraints on the simulation hypothesis for this Universe. Frontiers in Physics (article 1808725), 21 April 2026.

Wolpert: ka’idar kimiyyar kwamfuta da hasashen kwaikwayo

Yana haɗa ka’idar kimiyyar kwamfuta da kimiyyar lissafi ta hanyar thesis ɗin Church-Turing na zahiri. Yana ayyana kwaikwayo bisa tsarin lissafi. Sannan yana amfani da theorem na recursion na biyu na Kleene da theorem na Rice don samun sakamako kan kwaikwayo da kwaikwayon kai.

Sakamako. Yana tabbatarwa cewa, a ƙarƙashin zatonsa, za mu iya kasancewa a cikin kwaikwayo da mu kanmu muke tafiyarwa a kwamfuta. Wannan kwaikwayon kai ne: misalai biyu iri ɗaya, daidai suke na gaske. Yana kuma samo sakamakon rashin yiwuwa daga theorem na Rice, kuma yana duba homomorphic encryption da zane-zanen sararin samaniya masu shiga cikin juna.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Bincike ne na tsari da ya dogara ga thesis ɗin Church-Turing na zahiri. Ba ya faɗin ko sararin samaniyarmu kwaikwayo ce. Sakamakonsa yana riƙe ga kowane irin sararin samaniya biyu masu wannan dangantaka, ba wannan kaɗai ba.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Wolpert, D. H. (2025). What computer science has to say about the simulation hypothesis. J. Phys. Complexity 6(4), 045010. (arXiv:2404.16050, 'Implications of computer science theory for the simulation hypothesis')

An ba da shawara, ba a gudanar ba tukuna

Gwaje-gwaje da aka buga amma ba a gudanar da su ba.

Campbell et al.: gwaje-gwajen nunawa idan an kalla da aka ba da shawara

Yana ɗauka mai kwaikwayo mai ƙarancin albarkatu yana nunawa ne kawai idan bayani ya isa mai kallo, ba idan inji ya gano ba. Yana ba da shawarar gwaje-gwajen double-slit da delayed-choice, a ra’ayi kawai, inda sakamakon zai bambanta idan tsarin yana tanadar ƙoƙari haka.

Sakamako. Takardar tana bayyana gwaje-gwajen a ra’ayi kuma ba ta ba da rahoton bayanai ba. Ba mu sami wani gudanarwa da aka buga na waɗannan ƙira ba.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Quantum mechanics na yau da kullum ya riga ya yi hasashen sakamakon irin waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ba tare da mai kwaikwayo ba. Don haka sakamako marar komai ba zai bambanta su a fili ba. Kuma shawarar ta dogara ga ƙa’idar nunawa da take ɗauka, ba wadda ta samo ba.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Campbell, T., Owhadi, H., Sauvageau, J. & Watkinson, D. (2017). On testing the simulation theory. Int. J. Quantum Foundations 3(3), 78-99. arXiv:1703.00058.; Shafin labarin IJQF

An yi da’awa, kuma ana jayayya

Da’awoyin da aka buga na goyon bayan ko gāba da hasashen waɗanda fannin bai karɓa ba.

Vopson: doka ta biyu ta infodynamics

Yana ba da shawara cewa entropy na bayani na tsarin da ke riƙe yanayin bayani yana tsaye ko raguwa da lokaci. Biyo baya ta 2023 tana cewa wannan ya dace da sararin samaniya da aka kwaikwaye. Tana nuna bayanai na dijital, kwayoyin halitta, kimiyyar lissafin zarra da kimiyyar sararin samaniya.

Sakamako. Takarda ta asali: Vopson & Lepadatu (2022). Hujjar kwaikwayo: Vopson (2023). Takarda ta 2025 ta samo nauyi daga ra’ayi ɗaya. Ta jawo suka daga jama’a kan lissafinta da amfani da entropy, kuma marubucin ya amsa. Babu wanda ya buga tabbatarwa ta gwaji mai zaman kanta.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Ko da dokar da aka ba da shawara ta riƙe, ba za ta nuna mai kwaikwayo ba. Wasu dalilai daban na raguwar entropy na bayani suna nan a buɗe. Kuma ana jayayya a kan dokar kanta.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Vopson, M. M. & Lepadatu, S. (2022). Second law of information dynamics. AIP Advances 12, 075310.; Vopson, M. M. (2023). The second law of infodynamics and its implications for the simulated universe hypothesis. AIP Advances 13, 105308.; Vopson, M. M. (2025). Is gravity evidence of a computational universe? AIP Advances 15, 045035.

Faizal et al.: rashin yanke hukunci da ‘ba za a iya kwaikwayo ba’

Yana yin hujja daga Gödel, Tarski da Chaitin cewa ka’idar komai ta algorithm gaba ɗaya ba zai yiwu ba. Don haka wasu sassan gaskiya suna buƙatar fahimta ba ta algorithm ba. Kwaikwayo zai zama na algorithm, don haka sararin samaniya ba zai iya zama ɗaya ba.

Sakamako. An buga a J. Holography Applications in Physics 5(2), 10-21 (2025). Sharhi na E. Redden (arXiv:2512.11807) yana amfani da Game of Life na Conway don yin hujja cewa rashin yanke hukunci yana iyakance abin da za a iya tabbatarwa, ba abin da za a iya gudanarwa ba. Yana kuma cewa ƙarshen ba shi da hujja ba tare da shaidar hypercomputation a yanayi ba. Wasiƙa ta biyu ta JHAP (Khan, 2025) tana goyon bayan hujjar kuma tana sake fassara ta.

Abin da ba ya nunawa. Ba ya tabbatar cewa tsarin zahiri yana buƙatar hanyar da ba ta algorithm ba don warware maganganun da ba za a iya yanke hukunci ba. Ƙarshen babu kwaikwayo yana buƙatar wannan zato.

Ba ya shafi wani maɓalli kai tsaye · Faizal, M., Krauss, L. M., Shabir, A. & Marino, F. (2025). Consequences of undecidability in physics on the theory of everything. J. Holography Applications in Physics 5(2), 10-21. arXiv:2507.22950.; Redden, E. (2025). Provability vs. execution: a comment on 'Consequences of undecidability in physics on the theory of everything'. arXiv:2512.11807.; Khan, A. K. (2025). Discussion on the Faizal-Krauss-Shabir-Marino argument about the theory of everything. J. Holography Applications in Physics 6(1).

An tattara 4 Oktoba 2026. Mun duba ambato a kan takardun da aka buga.